NS 3410 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last LectureI. Sex- Steroid Production in MenII. Sex-Steroid Production in WomenIII. Mutations in Aromatase EnzymeIV. Aromatase Deficient MenV. Receptor MutationsOutline of Current LectureI. General Rules of Thumb- Clinical InformationCurrent LectureI. General Rules of Thumb- Clinical Information- Look up any terms or medical terminology that you are not familiar with. Don’t skip overunfamiliar words or assume they are not important- Make note of the physical and biochemical/clinical symptoms- Make note of laboratory data and where patient’s values are in relation to normative values; you need to know normal ranges for each age, sex and physiological state in order to interpret these data- Read the FULL case report carefully, don’t make assumptions based on incomplete data- Get reference data from reputable clinical sources- Pay attention to units and volumes- Common ways that dosage errors can occur:-Being given the correct medicine in the wrong dose per pill-Being given the correct medicine, but told to take more often than is safe-Medical or pharmacy staff incorrectly enters decimal points and zeroes-Incorrect dosage instructions are given to administer medicine-Medical or pharmacy staff confuses metric units and dosing unitsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Patient does not understand or follow instructions on medication- Reputable Resources for Health/ Medical Information-Pubmed: original research and review articles-Healthfinder: consumer information-MEDLINEplus: offers health, drug and disease informationII. Skeletal System- Acromegaly/Gigantism: caused by the mis-folding of the protein fibrillin-1; abnormal connective tissue - Skeletal system: support, storage of minerals and ions, blood cell production, protection,leverage, endocrine- Hormones of skeletal system: EPO- from kidney stimulates erythropoiesis in bone marrow; hormones act on specific cell types in bonesIII. Classification of Bones- Shape: long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular, sutural (small, irregularly shaped bones between flat bones of the skull)- Type of bone: trabecular (cancellous/spongy and more metabolically active, contains marrow), cortical (compact)- Location in body: appendicular (upper and lower limbs, shoulder, hip- for locomotion), axial (skull, vertebral column, and rib cage- protect, carry, support)- Long bones are longer than they are wide; shaft and 2 ends- Short bones are cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle- Sesamoid bones are bones that form within tendons- Flat bones are thin, flattened, and a bit curved- Irregular bones are bones with complicated shapes; short, flat and notched surfaces- Trabeculae of spongy bone align along lines of stress - Compact/cortical bone makes up 80% of mass and cancellous/trabecular makes up 20% of mass - Connective Tissue proper-Loose-Dense-Cell types including fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, melanocytes-Fibers: collage, reticular, elastic-Ground substance: fills space, proteoglycans, glycoproteins-Fluid connective tissues: blood and lymph-Supporting connective tissues: cartilage (chondroitin sulfates and cells), bone (osteoid and