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U-M BIOLOGY 172 - Photosynthesis and beginning of Molecular Biology
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BIO 172 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. Cellular RespirationII. Additional metabolismOutline of Current Lecture I. PhotosynthesisII. Molecular Biology (PCR)Note: next exam is the 23rd!Current LectureHow is energy (ATP) produced from MMO?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Proton gradient established; then protons can come back through membrane to drive ATP synthesis. Converting methane to energy/oxygen phosphorylation. This process is moving protons/electrons around to produce energy.Determining if something is an Autotroph vs Heterotrophs? Photo(autotrophs) or Chemo(autotrophs) or Photo(heterotrophs) or Chemo(heterotrophs)? How is energy produced in each one? When chemicals are entering, it is a chemo-heterotrophs. Energy is produced through fermentation because we can see that Lactic acid and ATP are produced.Photosynthesis:ATP and NADPH are made.Light hits chloroplasts, a series of reactions making ATP and nadph, then in calvin cycle C02 is FIXED to make sugar, then cycle back to light reactions, making more ATP and NADPH, and O2.Z Scheme is the energy trajectory of an electron.Oxygen and electron pulled from water. E- oxidizes from water.The energy diagram: energy goes up as e- moves, and then goes back down when it reduces another molecule. NADP+ reduced to NADPH. The z scheme is energy of e- as it goes through the system.The above is Electron transport during Photosynthesis.Photosystem II to cytosome, to PS1, to NADP+ reductase reduced to NADPH.Calvin cycle makes sugars! As e- move, the protons are moved across a membrane, establishing the proton gradient. With proton gradients, ATP is generated (with ATP synthase). Ultimately the NADPH and ATP are used to take CO2 to MAKE SUGAR.Because Oxygen is very electronegative, it is a great electron acceptor. . Reactive oxygen species: can be damaging to the cell… if a plant sits in direct sunlight, with many e- moving, some energy can be released as heat. So the plant needs to use xanthophyll so not as many e- are dumped onto O.In the Calvin Cycle, CO2 is fixed.The Calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplast of the stroma.CO2 enters calvin cycle, and RuBP so take ATP and phosyphorylate the compound so its prepared to accept e-(to be reduced). So this generates a carbohydrate output. Some carbs exit,then follow arrow to Regeneration. Blue arrow: NADPH loses e-, and the bonds gain the electrons. (below diagram)Rubisco: in all plants, the most abundant enzyme in the world.Catalyzes the reaction of taking RuBP to generate phosphoglycerides. Rubisco evolved before O2 was in atmosphere. Photorespiration is the oxygen reaction.Or the CO2 reaction, which is more efficient: used in calvin cycle to make sugars.Once carboxylized (CO2 added) then Calvin cycle ultimately forms 3phosphoglycerate.Reducing power comes from NADPH.Puts energy back into carbon-carbon bonds. Then Glceraldehyde3phosphate is produced.The rest goes back and regenerate RuBP. Co2 Regenerated.Carbon fixation: add red CO2. very unstable, so it splits (you get 6 3-carbon compounds)Then reduce with NADPH, to put energy back into bonds.Release one of the G3Ps, then generate 5 3-carbon compounds.so that rubisco can add CO2 again.Molecular Biology:Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) PCR: this instrument is a thermo-sampler, used when looking at DNA sequences for cloning.PCR uses same principles from DNA replication.Multiple replications of specific parts of a DNA strand.Heat is used to get rid of the Hydrogen bonds so that DNA is single stranded.Once separated, go through annealing. The primers then base pair with their complement. Now you have a 3’ OH for an extension for each strand.Denaturation, annealing step(temp drops), then DNA polymerase might denature when you crank the heat again if you try to repeat the cycling. SO scientists isolated bacteria from highheat areas so the thermal stable DNA polymerases can handle the temperature cycling so the DNA will be active at a high temperature. This way, you don’t have to add the DNA polymerase each cycle to do the extension.CloningGel ElectrophoresisMacromolecule Detection through Blotting


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U-M BIOLOGY 172 - Photosynthesis and beginning of Molecular Biology

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