Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Carbohydrates: health issuesII. Diabetes type 1 and 2Outline of Current Lecture I. DiabetesII. HypoglycemiaIII. Glycemic IndexA. Glycemic LoadIV. Lactose IntoleranceCurrent LectureI-clicker questionsInsulin- promos storage of glycogen in the liver, decreses gluconeogenesis, promos storage of glycogen in the muscles, promos a decrease in blood glucose levels by promo uptake of glucose in cellsHumans posses an enzyme that breaks down starchGlucose levels drop- release glucagon,glycogen is broken down, amino acids from protein are used to make glucoseI. Treatment of type 2 DiabetesA. moderate kcal restriction, weight loss- could disappear if obesity is correctedB. Regular meal patternsC. Physical activityD. Oral medsE. Insulin maybeII. Complications A. Most figure out they have it when they develop on of these complicationsB. Because of capillary changes due to increased background level of glucoseC. At higher risk for blindness amputation kidney problemsIII. Prevalence of type 2 in childhood increaseA. American Indians and north American ethnic groupsB. Related to increased childhood obesityIV. CHO intake and risk of diabetesA. evidence of CHO consumption (refined and simple) may play role in increase casesB. diet high in whole grainsV. Hypoglycemia- low blood sugarA. Types i. Fasting- not food related, excess secretion of insulin often due to tumorii. Reactive- caused by large simple CHO (sugar) load excess insulin secreted results in rapid fall in blood glucose to abnoramally low levelsSymptoms usually 2-4 hrs after a meal high in simple CHO FSHN 150 1st EditionVI. Glycemic indexA. foods relative ability to raise blood glucose levelsB. Increased byi. starch structure (amylose and amylopectin)ii. fiber contentiii. food processingiv. other macronutrients in meal such as fatC. high GI: sugar, potatoes, white bread, raisinsD. low GI: dried beans, pasta, oatmeal, peanutsVII. Glycemic load- more useful, takes into account the GI and amount of CHO consumedA. eg. Vanilla wafers with 15 g CHO have a GI of 77(high) B. (77*15)/100= 12 glycemic load (medium)VIII. Chronically high insulin output leads to many harmful effects on bodyA. high tryglicerides, high fat synthesis in liver, rapid return of hunger, high fat deposition in adipose tissue, high blood clot riskIX. Lactose intolerance A. low or no lactase (enzyme)i. undigested and not absorbed, lactose is metabolized by bacteria in LIii. can lead to gas, bloating, and crampingB. 70% of the world population has lactose intoleranceC. does not usually effect Northern European, Middle eastern, Central African populationsX. Use of dairy productsA. Milk can be consumed in small quantities but is most likely to cause issuesB. Cheese goes through processing which usually breaks the bonds of lactoseC. Yogurt has bacteria that breaks some of the lactose downD. Lactase is an enzyme pill E. Dairy provides over 20% protein, zinc, Mg, B12, over 75% calcium, 50% Vitamin D FSHN 150 1st