HS 222 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 5 (Part 2 Continued)- Pancreas- Disorders of the Pancreas- Absorption- Disorders of Absorption (Malabsorption)- Upper Digestive Tract Diagnostic Procedures- Elimination and the Large Intestine- Diseases of the Large Intestine and Anal Canal- Terms and DefinitionsOutline of Current LectureChapter 6- Urinary System- Function of the Kidneys- Ureters- Disorders of the Kidneys- Dialysis- Urinary Bladder- Urethra- Disorders of the Urinary Bladder and Urethra- Diagnostic Procedures- Word Analysis- Abbreviations- TermsCurrent LectureUrinary System-Nephron on the kidney that does the filtration, leading to micturition-Loop of Henle: equalizer of tubules, water, glucose, and other things are absorbed and urea and toxins are added to be excretedoHow much water absorbed is determined by ADH - it gages how much water the body lacks or has surplus of-Glomerulus (Bowman's capsule): Afferent Arteriole - Glom. - Efferent ArterioleFunction of Kidneys-Electrolyte balance, renin (maintain BP), erythropoietin (bone marrow to produce red blood cellsto prevent anemia), synthesis of vitamin D (blood calcium levels)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Ureters-Moves urine via muscular peristalsis-Calculi in ureters - can get stuck and make flow difficult, creating a back flow into the kidney and cause hydronephrosisoMinerals precipitate out of the urine and create the stones oCan be discharged by urination/voiding/micturitionoTreated by ESWL, ureteroscopy, laparoscopy, open surgery (larger incision)Disorders of the Kidney-Renal Cell Carcinoma - Malignant, most common kidney cancer, most often times it is removed by a nephrectomy, obesity and smoking lead to this-Wilms Tumor - Children, surgery and chemo-Benign Kidney Tumors - No symptoms, no issues, no surgery-Hematuria - Blood in the urine (microscopic or visible)-Acute Glomerulonephritis - Inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney, occurs after strep throat, mostly in children, can heal alone-Chronic Glomerulonephritis - Inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney, Diabetes, HIV, in adults, no time to heal-Nephrotic Syndrome - Leakage of proteins that are needed by the body, can cause the concentration of total protein in the blood to drop, develop edema, treated with steroids-Interstitial Nephritis - Occurs if you have allergies,-Pyelonephritis - Inflammation of the kidney due to bacterial infection-Primary Hypertension - No identifiable cause of high blood pressure that tends to develop gradually-Polycystic - Blood filled sacs that grow on the kidney and reduce the effectiveness of filtration-Acute Renal Failure - Systemic infections, can be reversed if caught quickly, comes on quickly-Chronic Renal Failure - Gradual loss of kidney function, often no symptoms until they are functioning at 25%-End-Stage Renal Disease - 10% or less of function in kidneys-Anuria - Cessation of urine output-Azotemia - Build-up of Nitrogenous wastes in the blood-Oliguria - Reduction in output-Proteinuria - Protein in the urine-Uremia - Urine in the bloodDialysis-Hemodialysis - Filtration of blood-Peritoneal - Absorption of wastes in blood then placed back in when cleanUrinary Bladder-Floor of pelvic cavity-Holds urineUrethra-Internal and External sphincters that contain the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body-Exits via the meatus-1 1/2 - 8 inches longDisorders of Bladder and Urethra-UTIs - E. Coli (Present in feces and easy for cross contamination)oFor elderly patients, they have mental changes due to UTI, often the only sign they have oneoCranberry Juice can help prevent and rid UTIs-Incontinence - 10% of men and 6% of women admitted to a nursing home for incontinence aloneoStress - Urine is expelled due to increased abdominal pressureoUrge - Cannot hold it any longeroOverflow - Backup of urine, urine is exceeding the capacity of the bladderoFunctional - Due to a unrelated sickness or disability-Retention - Inability to empty the bladder, excess urine that cannot be expelled is result-Cancer - Transitional Cell Carcinoma occurs in the lining of the renal pelvisDiagnostic Procedures-Urinalysis (UA) - routine and microscopic-ESWL-KUB-IVP Word AnalysisPlurals-Calyx - Calyces-Cortex - Cortices-Glomerulus - Glomeruli-Hilum - HilaAbbreviations-EMT-P - Emergency Medical Technician/ Paramedic-ESWL - extracorporeal sound wave lithotripsy (Apply sound waves from outside of the body to crush kidney stones without surgery)-IV -Intravenous-IVP - Intravenous Pyelogram-KUB - Kidneys, ureter, and bladder (intersection of these parts)-TNM - tumor, node, metastasis-VS - Vital Signs-RBC - Red Blood Cell-SG - Specific Gravity-UA - Urinalysis-WBC - White Blood CellTerms-Diuresis - abnormally large amount of urine (production and excretion)-Enuresis - bed-wetting-Dysuria - Painful urination-Frequency - Increased the urinary frequency-Incontinence - Inability to contain-Retention - Unable to fully go to the