GBIO 106 LECTURE 1 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 7 Francesco Redi came up with biogenisis disproved the idea that living things come from dead things spontaneous generation Characteristics of living things composed of cells metabolism homeostasis maintaining conditions within an organism growth reproduction potential evolution Processes of life movement ingestion respiration excretion and secretion Hierarchy of life Cells tissues organs systems organisms populations species Scientific method observation hypothesis WETLANDS SAMPLE EXPERIMENT Independent Variable Nutria Dependent Variable Cypress Survival Null Hypothesis Nutria do not influence the survival rate of bald cypress saplings Alternative Hypothesis Nutria do influence the survival rate of bald cypress saplings Two enclosures One with only plants and nutria one with everything BUT nutria control Conclusion There is a significant difference in survival between the nutria influenced trees and the trees in the control batch LECTURE 2 CHEMISTRY the study of the composition and reactions of matter elements a pure substance that cannot be broken down or converted to other substances by ordinary chemical means most common elements carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorous and sulfur atoms smallest unit of matter protons neutrons and electrons atomic number number of protons in an atom atoms are neutral atomic mass protons neutrons isotopes type of atom of the same element with the same atomic number but different atomic mass radioactive isotopes isotopes with unstable nuclei that decay and emit radiation electron configuration formation of molecules and compounds molecule assembly of two or more atoms compound two or more atoms of different atoms bonded in fixed proportions chemical bonds attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact three types of bonds ionic covalent hydrogen ion has a charge either positive or negative cations positive anions negative types of covalent bonds non polar and polar non polar covalent bonds results in the equal sharing of electrons polar covalent bonds unequal sharing of electrons electronegative measure of an atoms tendency to attract electrons from other atoms hydrogen bonds weak electrical attractions between H and negatively charged atoms of a different molecule WATER cohesion group effort water sticks to itself adhesion sticky to others sticks to other substances surface tension makes it hard LECTURE 3 MORE WATER High specific heat Heat that has to be gained or lost to change the temperature of something by one degree Water is reluctant to gain heat This is because the hydrogen bonds absorb the heat Its a heat sink Also reluctant to lose heat High heat of vaporization When water evaporates it pulls heat away with it High heat of fusion Most solids sink in liquid since most solids are denser Water is different because of hydrogen bonding These bonds do not break when water freezes There is space though between the water and the bonds The molecules expand and make the ice less dense than water which is why ice floats in water Water is a universal solvent Hydrophilic molecules are attracted to water and can be dissolved by water When salt dissolves in water there is no chemical reaction and can be reverted to its original state Hydrophobic molecules repel water and therefore cannot be dissolved by water Water does not mix with oil wax or steroids these are all lipids Ionization of water breaking apart water Water breaks apart into ions Pure water breaks into equal numbers of these ions Some substances don t release equal numbers of H and OH These are ACIDS AND BASES Acids substances that release H ions into solutions when they disassociate Example HCL H Cl Acids are good for cleaning But highly dangerous Acids taste sour like lemon and vinegar Acids release hydrogen ions Bases accept hydrogen ions Example NaOH Na OH Example 2 NH3 H NH4 Antacids Stuff like tums pepto bismol all contain a base to counteract the effects of acid Bases neutralize acids but you shouldn t take too many antacids because we need acid in our stomachs pH measures the number of hydrogen ions in a substance Something on the pH scale is ten times more acidic than the item below it 7 is neutral 6 9 0 are acids 7 114 are bases Pure water is neutral because there are equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide pH is something that organisms need to maintain at safe levels Buffers can act like acids when you need an acid and can act like a base when you need a base We constantly introduce new things through what we eat so buffers keep our pH where we need it to be Carbonic Acid is an acid that occurs in our blood and acts as a buffer ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Organic molecules are way bigger than inorganic molecules and have to be handled differently Organic molecules contain carbon the backbone of life Carbon can hook up to four other molecules which is unique It cannot give or take electrons So it shares its electrons The difference between organic molecules is that the carbons are just accessorized differently from one another Carbon is just the frame upon which other molecules are added Hydroxyl groups OH are polar They are mainly characterized as alcohol and carbohydrates Taking Ethane and adding a hydroxyl group makes it into Ethanol an alcohol Carboxyl groups COOH are mainly characterized as organic acids Take Ethane and add a carboxyl which makes it into acetic acid or vinegar LECTURE 4 Functional Groups A group of atoms that help determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of organic molecules Hydroxyl groups OH Polar Mainly characterizes alcohol and carbs Carboxyl groups COOH Mainly characterizes organic acids Methyl groups CH3 Non polar Makes molecules hydrophobic lipids Classes of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Organic compounds that may provide energy and structural support Monosaccharides simple sugars with 3 7 carbons glucose fructose Glucose animal blood sugar Most common monosaccharides in living things Isomers molecules that have the same type and number of atoms but different structures Disaccharides two monosaccharides covalently bonded together Glucose Fructose Sucrose natural from sugar cane Glucose Glucose Maltose beer sugar Glucose Galactose Lactose milk From sugar living things get the energy they need to grow Polysaccharides Polymers Made of many sugars covalently bonded together Some are used for energy and some are used for structure Glycogen Animal starch