COMM 122 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last LectureI. Radio After 1927II. 1934 Communications ActIII. Top Network Show of the 1930’sIV. TelevisionOutline of Current LectureI. What is tv?II. Phil T Farnsworth vs SarnofIII. Development of Adding Lines to tvIV. After WWIIV. Live tvVI. ProgrammingVII.Network AffiliatesVIII.Where Do Programs Come From?IX. Issue of SyndicationCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.What is tv?• Audio/Video technology• Can educate massive amounts of people (mass audiences from around the world)• Entertainment/ information• Advertising/ MoneyPhil T. Farnsworth:• First electronic (vs. mechanical) television for both pickup and display• Sarnof struggled to buy his patentsDevelopment of adding lines to tv across the years• 1931= 120 lines• 1933= 240 lines• 1936= 343 lines• 1939= 441 lines- People didn’t want to buy because two years later it wouldn’t work becausethere would be a new tv with 521 linesAfter the war, things happened quickly after the war• Image Orthicon (before people would have to stand under hot lights— this requiredless light, became easier to shoot programs)• Coaxial cables (relays)— allowed tv networks to happen• FCC reconfirms 1941 NTSC standard (staying with 525 standard— not going to addmore lines, manufacturers start to make them, people can buy)Freeze allocation of new licenses (TV freeze of 1948-1952)• Only 12 VHS channels• No new licenses/ stations for 4 years- geographically where to put channels so they wouldn’t interfere• 1952 solution: 6th Report and Order (took 6 years)- Added 70 more UHF channels to tv (14-83)Live tv until 1957— Ampex creates videotape (do a take again)• Production moves from NY to LA• Priemtime color—1966; half of households have color tv by 1972• Stereo sound in 1984• HDTV, Plasma/LCD, flat panel… 3D, HD, 4K• Half of HH have DTV (2008)• Transition to digital broadcasting (2009)• Now: streaming, mobile, OTT “TV EVERYWHERE”Programming:• So many genres, sub-genres— all types of programs there are common problems,processes, practices• Finding and developing shows• Scheduling them• Definition of programming as a verb: “strategies involved in searching out andacquiring program materials and fitting them into a coherent service.”Where do programs come from? Networks spend billions of dollars developingprograms• Old days: tv sends signal out and an antenna reaches the signal— we would linkthem• Network affiliates: ones linked to a network• Ones not connected to the networks• Bought independent stations— most stations mostly independent; today most areconnected to a networkNetwork Affiliates:• Every network has only own about 10-15 systems— the ones that are owned arecalled Owned and Operated• Has about 200 affiliatesBroadcast networks send their affiliates to O&0 or Regular Affiliates— then to homesover the air• 1970’s/80’s: Cable networks— satellites—local cable companies— send signals tohomes by wire- CHANGES: All local stations and affiliates now go through local cable companies- CHANGES: Broadcasting— satellites— send signals to homes directly- CHANGES: Broadcast Networks and Cable Networks (OTT “Over the Top” service— Amazon, Netflix, Amazon, Hulu)—Broadband/ISPS— To homes or devices via theinternetWhere do programs come from?• Program sources from local stations- Networks (major source of programming for affiliates)- Syndication (of network— programs that had been part of a primetime networkschedule) Were on a broadcast network and are now of• Family Guy, Seinfeld, Friends—accumulate enough episodes where they areshown forever- First run syndication: programs that are produced to be sold in the syndicationnetwork• Judge Judy, Wheel of Fortune- Local organization (local news and talk)• Even though friends was on NBC, after it is bought it doesn’t have to be shownon NBCIssue of Syndication• Fin-syn: the networks that distributed the programs didn't own them— studiosproduced them, leased the programs to the networks- Networks couldn’t have a financial interest because of syndication rules• Until 1996: Production and Distribution Separated• Production:• Film Studios (film and tv)• Independent Producers (tv only)• Allowed the networks to own their own programs— companies merged— used tohave independent producers but now has almost disappeared (all produce for eachother)• Now: few Independent producers (because we changed the law— most networksproduce and own their programs)1990: 12% of programs owned by their network2002: 78% of programs owned by their