COMM 121 1st Edition Lecture 7Last Lecture Notes Outline:I. Dallas Smythe quoteII. 2 social roles for mass-audience newspapers in the late 19th centuryIII. Why Pulitzer was so popularIV. Contrast of New York Times, an “informational” profileV. Schudson’s conclusionVI. Consequences of ad-based newspaper industryVII. Cost per Thousand (CPM)VIII. Business outcome in DC, 1970IX. Big economic implications for newspapersX. New contextsXI. Sean Carton quoteCurrent Lecture Notes Outline:I. Three parts of today’s storyII. Everyday lifeIII. Wired systems’ main periodsIV. First Period: TelegraphyV. Telegraphy used to create national commodity marketsVI. TelephonyVII. Early business uses of the telephoneCommunications 121 – Lecture on Thursday 2/12“Wired Systems and Everyday Life”“Wired” – meaning signal sent through wiring that connects source and receiver.I. Three parts to today’s story; combining business and social aspects:1. Telegraph, patents, and national commodity markets.2. Telephone, experimental uses, significance of the human voice in producing and maintaining social connection3. AT&T “divestiture” in 1982II. Everyday Life:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- As historical framework or “lens” through which to look at the past- For “ordinary people” but also everyday business practices- Powerful: changes to everyday life not always spectacular, but deeply rooted, “naturalized”o It becomes natural slowly after time of it being well rooted in everyday life.III. Wired systems’ main periods:- 1844-1890: telephone and telegraph- Post 1970s: de-regulation, reorganization of AT&TIV. First Period: Telegraphy- First patent went to Samuel Morse for the Morse Code, 1844- “Patent” means holder has exclusive commercial rights to a technology- Morse code: printed dots and dashes correspond to longer and shorter electrical pulses for “point to point” communication- Transmitted across network of wires through relay points- Relays information in coded form virtually instantaneously- For young, working class men and some women, studying Morse code was a route to employment.o A social world in which people are taking something like Morse code that they can master and later use to make a living- Western Union first firm to incorporate as telegraph business (serving other business, not, initially, individual consumers)- Assisted in coordinating the railroad- 1884 in U.S.: time zones standardized and telegraph signals were used to coordinate activities (“synchronize your watches” with telegraph blast signal)- Clip: “Night Mail” (on Moodle) – a British film from 1936, but a good illustration of the later coordinated use of telephone and telegraph to transport newspapers from London to Edinburgh- Early example of communication convergence: telegraphy + telephony + transportation systems + newspapersV. Telegraphy used to create national commodity markets:- Quite a claim! How?- Shift from (1) local to (2) regional and then – with the telegraph – (3) national markets- Price information traveled quickly by wire- Hard to exploit price differences in different places: could no longer buy low in Place 1 to sell high in Place 2, if Place 2 already had price information from Place 1VI. Telephony:- Distinction: transmitted human voice- Long history of legal battles about patentso The envisioned commercial value was apparent to early developers of various components- Alexander Graham Bell granted first patent in 1875- Bell vs. Edison and Western UnionVII. Early business uses of the telephone:- Subscriber news and music programming- “Prefigured” broadcastingo E.g., Telephone Herald (NJ): Carolyn Marvine, Week 4 Quote Sheet- Voice capacity exploited social connectedness “keeping in touch” (as Raymond Williams noted for the photograph in a period of great