PSYC 358 101 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture II. The Brain basis of CognitionIII. What promotes good learningIV. The nervous systema. Neural functionOutline of Current Lecture V. The brain basis of Cognition (Continued)VI. Neural CircuitsVII. LocalizationVIII. Neural ImagingIX. The ForebrainCurrent LectureDay 5: The brain basis of cognition (continued)Question of the dayWhat are basic principles of brain structure and function?How does experience affect neural information processing?One way neural circuitry changes is just developmentHebbian learningSynapses weight the message between neuronsNeurons that fire together, wire together(Delta)Wij = (Mu) * Ai * AjAi Aj (Delta)Wij1 1 (Mu)1 0 00 1 00 0 0Where is the knowledge? In the connectionsNeural Circuits-Powerful computation arises from many simple units-Example: detecting only a short bar-5 pre-synaptic neurons that are feature detectors-1 post-synaptic neuron performs spatial integration connectivity of (-+++-) and threshold of 3These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Stimulus:Short bar 0 1 1 1 0 Feature detector activations synaptic weights: +1 or -1 - + + + -Long bar 1 1 1 1 1 Long bar, not short bar - + + + -Spot 0 0 1 0 0 Single spot, not short bar - + + + -…what else could this type of circuit be used for?Functional organization in the brain: Localization!Examples ofBrain Region -> Localized disorderFusiform face area Prosopagnosia – inability to recognize faces-Medial temporal Motion agnosia –inability to recognize movementOrganization by modularity (versus interactivity)…-Language-low-level perception-high-level perceptionNeuroimaging (brief introduction)ERP (Event Related Potential)-Merely estimates where, but excellent for when-N400 wave in response to unexpected information.PET (Positron Emission Tomography)-follow density of radioactive tracer in blood flow -Uses subtraction techniquefMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)-Hemoglobin responds to magnet-Especially after losing O2 transported to active area-Also uses subtraction-Advantages: excellent for where, getting better for when no radioactivity-Disadvantages: noisy, aversive, expensive, difficult to design studies, complex data analysis How might we use imaging techniques to test a hypothesis about cognition? Which would be most appropriate to use?Brain Structures: the forebrain-Subcortical (old brain)-Thalamus Sensor relay to cortex-Hypothalamus Motivated behaviors, homeostasisLimbic system-Hippocampus Learning and memory-Mammillary bodies Learning and memory-Amygdala emotional processingCortex-Vast crumpled thin sheet of tissue-Four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital corpus callosumSome basic design principles of the human brain-Two structurally parallel hemispheres-Two developmental differentiation and plasticity-Contralateral projection and hemispheric specialization-Parallel distributed processing-Functionally specialized maps distorted
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