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UI EES 1040 - Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
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Lecture X: Prokaryotes vs. EukaryotesLast LectureOutlineLectureEES 1040 1st Edition Lecture 9Lecture X: Prokaryotes vs. EukaryotesLast LectureStar of LifeOutlineI. TimelineII. Prokaryote vs. EukaryoteIII. The Endosymbiotic Theory for the Origin of EukaryotesIV. When did this happen?V. Atmospheric OxygenVI. Complex life needs O2 in atmosphereLectureVII. TimelineA. 543MAB. 10MAC. 16001. 21 BA earliest fossil eukaryotesD. 2500E. Archean – prokaryotes diversity and evolve1. 3.2BA First Stramatolites2. 3.5 first fossil3. 3.8 isotopic evidence of lifeF. 3.960BAVIII. . Prokaryote EukaryoteA. What kind of organism: Bacteria and cyanobacteria protistsB. Cell size: very small (1-10 microns) 10-100 micronsC. Genetic organization: Thread of DNA in cytoplasm DNA in chromosomes, membrane-bounded nucleusD. Organelles: none Specialized organelles(mitochondria[metabolism], chloroplast[photosynthesis])E. Reproduction: Mostly asexual mostly sexualIX. The Endosymbiotic Theory for the Origin of EukaryotesA. Original prokaryotic cell and aerobic bacteria (burns O2)B. Aerobic bacteria invaded OriginalC. Bacteria engulfed but not ingestedD. Lived inside, gained protectionE. Host gains benefit: energy form respiration1. Therefore, symbiosisF. Engulfing1. 2 Cells with cell membrane2. Invaginate into the larger cella. Absorbsion3. Internal cell have cell membrane and have engulfing membranea. Double cell membraneG. Prediction 11. Organelles should have a double cell membraneH. Prediction 21. Organelles should have their own genetic materialI. Both are true1. Way Eukaryotic cells evolvedX. When did this happen?A. 2.1 BA: first possible fossil eukaryotesB. 1.8 BA: absolutely definite fossil of eukaryotesC. Eukaryotes are predicted to into being at the start. XI. Atmospheric OxygenA. Beginning early, UV radiation brakes down H2O, released O2B. By 3.8 BA photosynthetic prokaryotes releasing O2XII. Complex life needs O2 in atmosphereA. Chemical sinks1. Rich in iron2. Sulfur3. React with oxygen and “soak up” all new O2 being produced4. Evidencea. Uraninite (uranium-rich) oxidize very quickly in modern atmosphereb. Pyrite (iron-rich) oxidize very quickly in modern atmospherei. Used to be common in river and beach sands and gravelsii. Almost disappear form sediments at ~2.3 BAB. Banded iron fossils1. Deep water marine deposits2. Very common in the Archaean3. Basically, stopped/disappeared ~1.9 BAa. Too much oxygen in deep oceansC. “Red beds”1. Sedimentary rock with grains cemented together with iron oxide (rust)a. Need O2 to form2. Not found older ~2.0 BAD. Sinks 2.3 BA 1-2% current O2 levelsE. Ocean beds 1.9 BA 15% current O2 levels1. Starting building rapidly in


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