NS 3310 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Past LectureI. Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis II. GlycolysisIII. GluconeogenesisIV. Pentose Phosphate PathwayOutline of Current LectureI. TCA CycleII. Oxidative PhosphorylationIII. Glucose MetabolismCurrent LectureI. TCA Cycle- Substrate level phosphorylation is a process where a phosphate is transferred from one substrate to another substrate - The TCA Cycle intermediates: formation of citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl coA- Oxidative phosphorylation is the oxidation of a metabolite by O2 through electron transport and phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP- This process generates a large amount of ATP - Glucose activation requires phosphorylation; without it, glucose cannot be usedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Pyruvate goes through this cycle, goes to the mitochondria and generates acetyl-coA- All three carbons are released as CO2 when go through cycle - Amino acids can go in to contribute to TCA cycle to generate energy- Fumarate is the point where urea cycle and TCA cycle can interact- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: contains 4 vitamins; allosterically regulated by acetyl coA, NADH and ADPII. Oxidative Phosphorylation- Anatomical site for oxidative phosphorylation- Components of the oxidative phosphorylation chain-Complex 1 NADH- coenzyme Q oxidoreducatase-Complex 2-Complex 3 coenzyme Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase-Complex 4- NADH and FADH2 are important: electron transport chain starts with these two vitamins; they donate electrons - In order for oxidative phosphorylation to work, there needs to be a flow of electrons;the energy associated with that flow is coming from nutrient breakdown. This flow ofelectrons essentially generates energy. This energy is used to generate ATP via ATP-Synthase.- In order for electron transport chain to work in the last step, electron has to go to oxygen, which comes from respiration- Oxygen is acceptor of electrons and for this chain to work, must have oxygen at end to complete this event and then you have phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP- In membrane, protein UCP (uncoupling protein) dissipates the hydrogen gradient (just like how ATP Synthase does). Dissipation of this gradient is associated with production of heat. This is how we maintain body temperatureIII. Glucose Metabolism- One form of diabetes occurs when the UCP protein is highly elevated especially in beta cells. If this protein is highly elevated, more heat will be generated and less ATP because it is a competitive process (they have the same driving force of hydrogen gradient)-In diabetes, there is more heat and less ATP so less insulin exocytosis since insulin exocytosis is generated by ATP. Less insulin means high blood glucose levels- The most complicated glucose metabolism is in the liver because the liver undergoes multiple reactions - RBC does not have a mitochondria so it is the most simple - One common thing among all the cell types is they all undergo glycolysis - The difference between liver and muscle glycolysis is: transport is different (way glucose enters the cell), G-6-P can convert to glucose in liver but not in muscle, liver has to take care of every cell whereas muscle is selfish- The product of complete glucose oxidation is CO2 and water- Lactate comes from RBC and muscle- Alanine comes from muscle breakdown - Adipocytes also have a TCA cycle- Brain does not generate fat and does not store glycogen- The Cori Cycle: net loss of 4 ATP. It allows the organism to accommodate to large fluctuations in energy needs of RBC and