PSY 200 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture I. Review of classical and operant conditioningII. Examples of classical and operant conditioningIII. Example of reinforcementOutline of Current Lecture I. Bandura and the social cognitive theoryII. Modeling and reinforcementsIII. Bandura’s concept of self-efficacyIV. Social vs. cognitive approachesV. Piaget and cognitive developmentCurrent LectureI. Bandura and the social cognitive theory- To review behaviorism, it is where individuals are studied in terms of observable characteristics and that novel behaviors are learned through shaping. The social cognitive theory contrasts behaviorism and explains how behaviors are learned without shaping and reinforcements. Albert Bandura created this idea based on his belief that we learn behaviors/cognitive strategiesby observing others. Albert Bandura studied social learning and aggression. He extended the learning theory to a social learning theory. Operant conditioning plays a role through imitation and observation. Imitation leads to the reinforcers that children seek. New behaviors are acquired through observation. - He created the social cognitive theory which explains how individuals acquire information, behaviors, standards and values through observational (vicarious) learning. Observational learning is when one acquires new behaviors through modeling. To prove his theory, Bandura performed the Bobo Doll experiment. This experiment had two groups of children; the first group observed an adult playing roughly with the doll while the second group observed an adultplaying calmly with tinker toys. The group of children who observed the aggressive behavior played roughly with the toys while the other group was the opposite. II. Modeling and reinforcements- Modeling is what Bandura believes teaches individuals how to act. We learn values, attitudes, thoughts and behavior from exemplars. Modeling can be termed as imitation but it is more of a “how to” guide of behaviors. We typically model our parents, siblings, peers, teachers, same-sexgenders, people we have things in common with, people we respect, people in power and the media. Not all of these are positive models, such as the media is generally has a negative influence over people. you are more likely to model when you can pay an appropriate amount These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.of attention, you remember what you see, you have the ability to reproduce the behavior and you are influenced by a models characteristics. Some things that determine the degee of modeling is the quality of the relationship, the value of the behavior and if you receive a reward you are more likely to model. - Reinforcement can be direct or vicarious. Direct reinforcement is where an individual observes the model getting a consequence for a behavior and the individual then assumes that they will get the same consequence for performing the same behavior. Vicarious reinforcement is where an individual observes the model and assumes the model received an unobserved benefit for a behavior. This assumption is based on what the individual observed and the interpretation made of the ambiguous events. III. Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy- Self-efficacy is the complex form of observational learning in which we have the belief we can learn how to control our lives while producing positive outcomes. Self-efficacy influences effort and investment, perseverance and motivation, and choices and aspirations. For example, studies show children burdened with misfortune grow up in families plagued with abuse, parentalcoholism, divorce. Children resilient to these situations have learned to be proactive in shaping their lives (Werner & Smith, 1992). So self-efficacy influences the environment you make for yourself in your own situation. IV. Social vs. cognitive approaches- Social perspectives is when learning occurs within a social context and we learn through our roles, behaviors and attitudes. - Cognitive perspectives is when learning occurs within the individual. We learn concepts and ways of organizing our knowledge about the world. V. Piaget and cognitive development- Jean Piaget (1896-1980) focused on how children’s cognition changes from one stage to the next. A stage theory is the understanding that people pass through stages of cognitive development. - He believes that human thinking is arranged into schemas. Schemas are mental structures of how we understand the world. The earliest schemas include our innate reflexes and actions such as sucking, grasping or hitting. Schemas become more advanced from infancy to adulthoodsuch as getting a job. Some important vocabulary involving the process of schemata includes assimilation, accommodation and equilibration. Assimilation is the addition to and use of existing schema. It occurs when you act upon a stimulus or something already understood – a thought that already exists. Accommodation is the altering/modifying existing schema when they no longer work. We change what we understand based on responses to new stimuli. Equilibration is the balance of assimilation and accommodation. For example, the balance of knowledge we already acquired (assimilation) and new information (accommodation). We need to be balanced as part of our mental