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SCCC BIO 130 - Cell Cycle of Life Events

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Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Early ProphaseLate ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase and CytokinesisSlide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Cellular RespirationSlide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Cell Cycle: Life Events of a CellInterphase:-period of cell growth and function-cells that never divide are in G0 foreverIf a cells prepares to divide:-G1: duplication of cytoplasm-S: duplication of DNA-G2: protein synthesisThen cell begins mitosisMitosis = nuclear divisionCytokinesis = cytoplasm divisionResults in the production of two identical daughter cellsBIO130 Lab 3 Exercise 4 The Cell: DivisionPlay BIOFlixMitosis.mpgMitosis•The phases of mitosis are:–Prophase–Metaphase–Anaphase–TelophaseMitosis MoviePlay MitosisCartoon.movHow to remember phases of the cell cycle: I P M A T (“I Passed My Anatomy Test”)Late InterphasePreparing for MitosisInterphase MoviePlay Interphase.mpgEarly ProphaseEarly prophaseEarly mitotic spindlePair of centriolesCentromereAsterChromosome, consisting of two sister chromatidsProphase MoviePlay EarlyProphase.mpgLate prophaseFragments of nuclear envelopePolar microtubulesKinetochoreKinetochore microtubuleSpindle poleLate ProphaseProphase MoviePlay LateProphase.mpgMetaphaseMetaphase plateSpindleMetaphaseMetaphase MoviePlay Metaphase.mpgDaughter chromosomesAnaphaseAnaphaseAnaphase MoviePlay Anaphase.mpgTelophase and CytokinesisTelophase and cytokinesisNucleolus formingContractile ring at cleavage furrowNuclear envelope formingTelophase MoviePlay TelophaseCytokinesis.mpg4X objective(40X)10X objective(100X)40X objective(400X)White Fish White Fish BlastulaBlastulaA blastula is a ball of developing embryonic cells in various stages of cell division that results after fertilization of an egg. After rapid division of these stem cells, differentiation will begin to occur and the ball will begin to take on an elongated body shape, and then later develop all the features of the animal such as eyes and limbs. InterphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseA fertilized egg will first divide into many undifferentiated identical cells. This ball of dividing cells is called a blastula. These cells will then differentiate and organize to form all the tissues and structures of the embryo.C. elegans (a small worm, 1mm, 959 cells)MoviePlay CElegansDev.mpgInterphaseInterphaseDuring interphase a cell is not actively dividing, although it may be preparing to divide. The DNA exists as a loose and open form so that genes can be expressed (read and used to make gene products like enzymes) to carry out normal cell functions.Plasma membraneNuclear envelope (membrane)ChromatinProphaseProphaseProphase is the first step in Mitosis, which is the time when the cell undergoes nuclear division. The DNA has already been duplicated while the cell was in interphase, but during mitosis it must be carefully separated to insure each new cell gets all the same DNA as the original cell had. The chromatin DNA is wound into tight structures called chromosomes which are visible here (blue/black) and the nuclear envelope disintegrates so that the cell can “count up” and split the chromosomes equally as the single mother cell divides into two identical daughter cells.Plasma membraneNuclear envelopeChromatin begins to condense into chromosomesChromosomesNuclear envelope has dissolvedMetaphaseMetaphaseDuring mitosis the cell must equally separate the chromosomes that have assembled during prophase. Long string- or stick-like protein tubes called the mitotic spindle push and pull the chromosomes into a neat row across the middle of the cell. Metaphase is a brief moment in time when the cell gets all the chromosomes aligned in the absolute middle of the cell (called the metaphase plate). Once perfectly aligned, the chromosomes are ready for separation.Plasma membraneMetaphase plateChromosomesMitotic spindleAnaphaseAnaphaseDuring anaphase, the chromosomes are equally divided by the mitotic spindle pushing and pulling them to opposite sides of the cell. During this time, the cell will also elongate so that once the chromosomes are fully separated, the cell can finish dividing creating two identical daughter cells from the one original mother cell. The entire period of time that the chromosomes are moving off the metaphase plate until they reach the opposite poles and the cell actually begins to separate into two cells is called anaphase. Plasma membraneMetaphase plateChromosomesMitotic spindleTelophaseTelophaseTelophase has begun once the cell itself starts the process to divide into two cells, an event called cytokinesis (“splitting of the cytoplasm”). At this point nuclear division is nearly complete. The chromosomes have been separated during anaphase and the cell begins to constrict around the metaphase plate creating an “8” shape using protein strands to cinch the cell like a girdle. Once the cytoplasm is adequately separated, but not yet completely divided, the nuclear envelope will begin to reform around the DNA in the two connected daughter cells. This completes mitosis (nuclear division). The chromosomes will unwind and the DNA will return to the lose, usable form called chromatin. Cytokinesis is complete once the plasma membrane has completely surrounded and separated the two daughter cells from each other. Each cell is now in interphase and is ready to being another round of cell division. Some people view telophase as including the completion of cytokinesis, others name cytokinesis as the last independent event of cell division and consider telophase to have ended with the formation of the nuclear envelope. Plasma membraneMetaphase plateChromosomesNuclear envelopeChromosomes de-condense back into chromatin Plasma membraneAnimal cell mitosis and cytokinesisPlay NewtCellMitosis.movHamster cell mitosis and cytokinesisPlayHamsterCellMitosis.mpgCellular RespirationC6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O(energy from 1 glucose  36 ATP)• convert food energy into ATP for use by cells• involves oxidation/reduction reactions performed by enzymesComplete aerobic respiration of glucose:(Supplemental Activity)Cellular RespirationPlay CellularRespiration.mpg• Aerobic cellular respiration occurs to generate ATP when oxygen is available• Fermentation occurs to generate ATP when oxygen is not available1. Glycolysis2. Citric Acid Cycle3. Electron Transport Chain36 ATP for each


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SCCC BIO 130 - Cell Cycle of Life Events

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