Biol 101 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Metabolic Pathwaysa. Catabolismb. Anabolism2. Cells and the Flow of Energya. Forms of Energyi. Kinetic1. Thermal (heat)2. Lightii. Potential1. Chemical3. Laws of energy Transformationa. Two Laws of Thermodynamicsi. Law of Conservation of Energyii. Entropy4. Free Energya. Portion of Energy that can do Worki. Only reactions with a -ΔG are spontaneous (decrease in free energy)ii. These reactions can supply energy for cellular workb. Metabolic Reactions and Free Energyi. Chemical Reactions1. Exergonic2. Endergonicii. ATP: Energy for Cells1. Structure2. Coupled Reactions3. Functions of ATP5. Metabolic Pathways and Enzymesa. Enzymesi. Substrateii. Active Siteiii. Namesiv. Energy of Activationv. Enzyme-Substrate Complex1. Active Site2. Substrate Specificityb. Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme Reactionsi. Substrate Concentrationii. Temperature and pHiii. Enzyme Concentrationiv. Enzyme inhibitionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.v. Enzyme Cofactors/Coenzymes6. Regulation of Enzymatic Activitya. Allosteric Regulationi. Activationii. Inhibitioniii. Cooperativityb. Feedback InhibitionOutline of Current Lecture 1. Regulation of Enzymatic Activitya. Allosteric Regulationi. Activationii. Inhibitioniii. Cooperativityb. Feedback InhibitionOverview of Cellular RespirationGlucose OxidizedOxygen ReducedPhases of Complete Glucose Breakdown (Aerobic Respiration)GlycolysisOccurs in the CytoplasmProduces Pyruvate, NADH and ATPSubstrate Level PhosphorlyationTransition ReactionOccurs in the Mitochondrial MatrixProduces Acetyl-CoA, NADH and CO2Krebs Acid (Citric acid) CycleOccurs in the MatrixProduces CO2, NADH, FADH, and ATPSubstrate Level PhosphorylationElectron Transport Chain (System)Occurs in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (Cristae)Protein Carriers/CytochromesProduces NAD+, FAD, H2O, and ATPOxidative PhosphorylationATPsynthaseChemiosmosisH+ gradient drives ATP synthesisEnergy Yield and Efficiency Of Glucose Metabolism32 ATP Produced per Glucose MoleculeAbout 263 kcal transferred from Glucose to ATP (about 34% efficient)Remainder lost as heatRegulation of Aerobic RespirationFermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)Occurs in the CytoplasmGlycolysisPyruvate converted to lactate or alcoholCurrent LectureCompetitive inhibitors bind to the active site and block other substances from binding to an enzyme. Feedback inhibition is when the cell can signal to itself to turn on and off the pathway through allosteric regulation. Glucose does not reach equilibrium because of cellular respiration. Hexokinase changes glucose for glycolysis. Glucose is changed into something else before it can reach equilibrium. Keeps a constant concentration gradient for glucose to come into the cell for cellular respiration. Because there is always a need to breath, there will always be a concentration gradient pulling glucose into the cell. During cellular respiration, glucose is completely oxidized. Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the dismantling of glucose to get energy. What does your cell need to do this? Hydrogens. Cells use the H’s from glucose (12) to make ATP. H are important. You breath out the Co2. 1 glucose turns into 2 pyruvate. You make ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidation is when a substance looses electrons and hydrogen’s. Glucose is being oxidized duringcellular respiration. Oxygen is the final resting place for those hydrogen’s because there is a huge electrochemical gradient and you make ATP on the way. During this process, oxygen is reduced because it is gaining hydrogen’s and electrons. Reducing agent- electron donor. Oxidizing agent- electron acceptor. Aerobic respiration happens in the mitochondria. Plants take the H from H2O and builds sugar.The H go to the H reservoir within the mitochondria and are transited via NAD (nicotinamide). Carries two electrons and a H. Nicotinamide adenine diphosphate (NAD). H connects to the nicotidamide reducing it. This happens 6 times until all the H have been stripped away. Human body temp is 37, acidity is