Phonetics 4Loudness- no language is known to use loudness alone to signal word meaning contrastsbut loudness may be used as one component of indicating stressed versus unstressed syllablesStress is perceived prominence of a syllable in a multi-syllable wordPhonetic correlates- higher pitch, longer duration, louder volume, and more peripheral vowel qualityEnglish uses all fourBut Greek only uses pitch and loudnessMore peripheral vowel quality means towards the edges, either very high or very back etc.,Phonetics 5Auditory process – we have mostly been talking about how sounds are produced in isolation but in the real world sounds are not articulated in isolationSpeech productionTwo conflicting pressures on speech productionEase of articulation – speaker tries to maximize ease od production. Sounds may become more like neighboring sounds as a resultof segments in order to communicate clearlyPuts some breaks on ease of articulationAs a result, the articulation of a segment often changes in the environment of neighboring sounds; 6 basic typesAssimilation- becomes more like its neighborsDissimilation- when a sound becomes more distinct from those around itDeletion- a sound used to be there and is no longer thereInsertion- a sound gets insertedMetathesis- changing the order of thingsVowel reduction- moving it more towards the center vowel space, away from the peripheryAssimilationOne segment becomes more like a neighboring segmentProgressive- a feature spreads forward [xy] Liquids in English become voiceless when they follow a voiceless stop. The voiced liquid is assimilating in voicing to the preceding voiceless stopRegressive- a feature spreads backward [xy] Vowels in English often become nasalized when they precede a nasal consonant. The oral vowel is assimilating in nasality to the following nasalIntervocalic/ interconsonantal- a segment picks up a feature of surrounding Vs or Cs [VCV] or [CVC]In English, [t] often becomes a flap between vowels (when not at the beginning of a stressed syllable). This is assimilation in both voicing([t] is becoming voiced) and manner ([t] becomes a more open liquid)Voicing, nasality, manner, articulation can all change – one or more of the features may change to match the soundDissimilationWhen one segment becomes less like a neighborDeletionSchwa in English is often deleted when the following syllable is stressedAnother example with multiple deletions plus assimilationLINGUIS 101 1st Edition Lecture 6 Phonetics 4- Loudness- no language is known to use loudness alone to signal word meaning contrastso but loudness may be used as one component of indicating stressed versus unstressed syllables - Stress is perceived prominence of a syllable in a multi-syllable word o Phonetic correlates- higher pitch, longer duration, louder volume, and more peripheral vowel quality  English uses all four  But Greek only uses pitch and loudness o More peripheral vowel quality means towards the edges, either very high or very back etc.,  Phonetics 5 - Auditory process – we have mostly been talking about how sounds are produced in isolation but in the real world sounds are not articulated in isolation - Speech production o Two conflicting pressures on speech production  Ease of articulation – speaker tries to maximize ease od production. Sounds may become more like neighboring sounds as a result Ease of perception- speaker maximizes distinctiveness of segments in order to communicate clearly  Puts some breaks on ease of articulation - As a result, the articulation of a segment often changes in the environment of neighboring sounds; 6 basic types o Assimilation- becomes more like its neighborso Dissimilation- when a sound becomes more distinct from those around it o Deletion- a sound used to be there and is no longer there o Insertion- a sound gets insertedo Metathesis- changing the order of thingso Vowel reduction- moving it more towards the center vowel space, away from the periphery - Assimilation o One segment becomes more like a neighboring segment  Progressive- a feature spreads forward [xy]  Liquids in English become voiceless when they follow a voiceless stop. The voiced liquid is assimilating in voicing to the preceding voiceless stop Regressive- a feature spreads backward [xy]  Vowels in English often become nasalized when they precede a nasal consonant. The oral vowel is assimilating in nasality to the following nasal Intervocalic/ interconsonantal- a segment picks up a feature of surrounding Vs or Cs [VCV] or [CVC]  In English, [t] often becomes a flap between vowels (when not at the beginning of a stressed syllable). This is assimilation in both voicing([t] is becoming voiced) and manner ([t] becomes a more open liquid)  Voicing, nasality, manner, articulation can all change – one or more of the features may change to match the sound - Dissimilationo When one segment becomes less like a neighbor - Deletiono Schwa in English is often deleted when the following syllable is stressed o Another example with multiple deletions plus