BZ 110 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5CHAPTER 1 (On our own)1. Define zoology. Why is zoology one of the broadest fields in science? Be familiar with thespecializations in Zoology listed in tables 1.1 and 1.2. For example, histology is the study of________?- Zoology is the study of animals.- It’s one of the broadest fields in science because there are so many animals and each animals have many complex processes within them.- Know the terms: anatomy, cytology, ecology, embryology, genetics, histology, molecular biology, parasitology, physiology, systematics, entomology, herpetology, ichthyology, mammalogy, ornithology, protozoology2. How many species of animals have been described? What is the estimate of the number of animal species living today?- Over 1 million species have been described- 4-100 million species of animals are living today3. Define organic evolution.- The change of genetic makeup in populations of organisms over time.4. What is evolution?- Evolution explains the diversity of animal structure and function. It also explains family relationships within the animal kingdom and why animals live in particular geographic regions.5. What is binomial nomenclature? How is it used in zoology?- Binomial nomenclature is a system in which plants are classified.- This system was also adopted for animal classification.- Uses a two part name to describe an organism:o First part: Gives the genuso Second part: gives the species6. What 2 major problems have led to major ecological problems? See pp 5-6- Overpopulation- Exploration for world resources7. What is the worlds population expected to reach by 2050?- 9.3 billion 8. List some factors that can lead to extinction of plant and animal species. See p 7- Climate change- Pollution- Invasions from foreign species9. Preservation of endangered species depends on a conservation plan thatincludes:- A system of national park to protect large areas of land for wildlife to live- Protect land that has multi uses that is controlled activities that also save wild life habitat- Zoos and botanical garden to save species who are soon to be extinctCHAPTER 2 (Lecture 1, 2, and into the middle of lecture 3)10. List the structural hierarchy of a multicellular organism. See fig 2.111. What is a cell?- Functional units of life- Necessary for all life and reproduction12. Define homeostasis.- State of equilibrium where internal environment of animals remains constant to the external environment13. What advantages do small cells have over large cells? What limits the size of a cell?- To maintain the ratio of the volume of cells nucleus to the volume of the cells cytoplasm- Small cells have a lot more surface area per volume than large cells. 14. Be familiar with differences between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell.- Prokaryote: Don’t have nuclei and other organelles- Eukaryote: larger, more complex cells, containing nucleus, DNA, and other organelles15. Which organisms are described as prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?- Prokaryotes: Archaea and Eubacteria- Eukaryotes: all animals and Protista16. Describe the components of the cell membrane? What is the fluid mosaic model? Why is it called the fluid mosaic model?- Phospholipids: They have one polar end and one nonpolar end. o Polar ends: are on the outside of the cell and in to the fluid cytoplasm. o Non polar ends: facing in the middle of the bilayer. o The tails of the phospholipid molecule attract and are repelled by water.o Heads that are located over cell surfaces are water attracting- Cholesterol: present in the plasma membrane and organelle membranes of a eukaryotic cell.o Imbedded into interior of the membrane, make membrane less permeable to watero Help stabilize the membrane- Membrane proteins: Made up of two different proteins:o Peripheral proteins: individual molecules attached to the inner and outer membrane surfaceo Intrinsic proteins: imbedded in the membrane- When carbohydrate unite with proteins they form Glycoproteins unite with lipids to form glycolipids, on the surface of the membrane- Glycocalx: contains surface carbohyderates, portions of the protiens and lipids o Act as a molecular finger print for each cell type.o Necessary for cell to cell recognition and cell behavior17. Describe functions of the cell/plasma membrane.- Regulate material moving in and out of the cell- Regulate material moving from one organelle of the cell to another organelle.- Separate inside of the cell from the outside- Separates organelles within the cell- Provide larger surface area on which chemical reactions can occur- Separates cells from one another- Site for receptors containing specific cell identification that differentiates one cell from another18. Molecules can move across membranes in various ways. List and describe the various kinds of transmembrane movement. Table 2.2 will be helpful.- Simple diffusion: No ATP needed, molecules move down a concentration gradient, molecules spread randomly from higher concentration to lover concentration until they reach equilibrium- Facilitated diffusion: Carrier transport proteins from the plasma membrane temporarily bind with molecules to help them pass through the membrane. Other proteins form channels which molecules can move across membranes.- Osmosis: water molecules diffuses across selectively permeable membranes from higherconcentration to lower concentration areas.- Filtration: deals with blood, protein-free plasma moves across capillary walls due to a pressure gradient - Active transport: ATP required, specific carrier proteins bind with molecules or ions to help them across the membrane across a concentration gradient- Endocytosis: Bulk movement of material into a cell by formation of a vesicleo Pinocytosis: plasma membrane encloses small amounts of fluid droplets and takes them into the cello Phagocytosis: plasma membrane forms a vesicle around a solid particle or other cell and draws it into the phagocytic cello Receptor- mediated endocytosis: extracellular molecules bind with specific receptor proteins on a plasma membrane, causing membrane to invaginate and draw molecules into the cell.- Exocytosis: Bulk movement of material out of the cell. A vesicle (with particles) fuses with the plasma membrane and releases particles of fluids from the cell across the membrane out of the cell. 19. Know and be able to describe the organelles and cellular components