BIO SCI 100 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Body PlansII. Body CavitiesIII. Animal OrganizationIV. TissueOutline of Current Lecture I. TissueII. Animal ClassificationIII. SystematicsIV. Types of CharactersV. Reconstructing a PhylogenyCurrent LectureI. Tissue Muscle Tissue:- Most common type of tissue; made of protein fibers- Function: ContractionSkeletal Muscle: Contract on command; voluntaryCardiac: Heart muscle; involuntary Smooth: lines 'tubes', intestines and blood vessels; involuntary Nervous Tissue:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Composed of Neurons- Function: receiving &transmitting impulses- Dendrite: Receive stimuli from other neurons- Axon: transmits impulses; electrical- Schwann Cell: forms insulating protective sheath- Synapse: transmits impulse to another neuron or organ; chemicalBody Size- Larger animals are generally more complexo Volume increases faster than surface areao More difficult for gases and nutrients to pass into the body. Solution: Develop internal transport systems (e.g. organ-systems) to move nutrients/gas throughout the body.II. Animal Classification - Approximately 1.5 million species of animals have been classified o Zoologists estimate that this is less than 20% of all living animals, and less than1% of all animals that have ever existed. - Two disciplines involved in animal classification: Taxonomy the science of naming organisms. - Systematics: the science classifying organisms based on Evolutionary relationships- Organisms that share a recent common ancestor are grouped together - Organization is hierarchical - Linnaeus created the Binomial system of classification- Used similarities in anatomical traits to group organisms.- Each species was given its own name - Related species were grouped together into Genera and so on……The Linnean System:- Seven major taxonomic ranks are included in this hierarchy. o They move from most general to most specific: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Example: Human Green FrogKingdom: Animalia AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata ChordataClass: Mammalia AmphibiaOrder: Primates AnuraFamily: Hominidae RanidaeGenus: Homo RanaSpecies: sapiens clamitans- For the name of each species:o The first word is the Genuso The second word is the Species For example: Wolf = Canis lupus III. Systematics- Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a group of animals- Characters: the features of organisms used to construct evolutionary trees- Homology: character similarities due to descent from a common ancestor- Homoplasy: when two organisms look alike, but trait is not due to common ancestry.o Example: Dolphin vs Whale vs SharkIV. Types of Characters- The types of characters used to generate evolutionary trees include:o Morphological: examines shapes and sizes of organismal structures.  For example: Bones, scales, fur, feathers.  Includes living organisms and fossils. o Biochemical: nucleic acid & amino acid sequence similarities DNA from living organisms& some fossilso Cytological: uses variation in the numbers, shapes and sizes of chromosomes to identify similarities.  Living animals onlyV. Reconstructing a Phylogeny - Step 1: Determine the group’s ancestral character state- Step 2: Determine the group’s derived character state-which character arose later in evolution (i.e. hair). - The Major Divisions of Life The 5 Kingdom System:- Animalia- Plantae- Fungi- Monera: unicellular prokaryotic organisms- Prostista: unicellular eukaryotic organismsThe 3 Domain System- Bacteria : the true bacteria- Archaea: the prokaryotes that differ from true bacteria- Eukarya: the eukaryotic