BIO_SC 1010 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 (January 20th)Biology Is The Scientific • Biologists recognize life through a series of properties shared by all living things.• Biologists examine something to be living only if it displays all of these characteristics.1) Reproduction: all organisms reproduce their own kind2) Growth (unicellular/ multicellular organisms): information carried by genes controls the pattern of growth in all organisms-Cells: all living organisms consist of cells (fundamental unit of life)3) Ability to obtain and use energy: every organism takes in energy, converts it to useful forms, and expels energy-Energy: the ability to do work (obtained through food, harnessing sunlight {plants})-Metabolism: involves all chemical reactions that convert energy into usable forms (sum total of all chemical reactions needed)-Order: each living thing has a complex but well-ordered structure4) Homeostasis: maintaining of a relatively constant internal environment-All organisms respond to changes in the environment. Many of these responses help to keep anorganism’s internal environment within narrow limits.5) Sense and response to stimuli: organisms respond to stimuli in many ways-move towards a food source-moves away from a threatening predator-Evolution: individuals with traits that help them survive and reproduce pass the genes for thosetraits to offspring, driving the evolution of populationsLife Can Be Studied At Many Levels• Biosphere: consists of all life on earth• Ecosystem: consists of the living and non-living components• Community: consists of all the interacting populations in an ecosystem• Population: is a group of interacting individuals of one species• Organism: is an individual living being• Organ system: is a group of organs that work together• Organ: consists of multiple tissues that cooperate to perform a specific task• Tissue: is an integrated group of similar cells that work together• Cell: is the fundamental unit of life• Organelle: is a component of the cell that performs a specific function• Molecule: a group of atoms bonded together• Atom: the fundamental unit of matterLecture 2 (January 22nd) Scientific MethodWhat is Science? A process of acquiring knowledge about the natural world.• All events can be traced to natural causes• Based on laws of chemistry & physics: govern both living & non-living matter What is Scientific Theory? A general explanatory idea.• Broad-ranging: pulls together diverse observations• Always testable• Allows predictions about future observations• Always open to revision Scientists investigate the world in ways outside of the scientific method.• Not all science is hypothesis driven• Discovery science provides data used to describe the natural world{Biologists take measurements &record data to help us better…}Theory vs. TheoryScientists use theory with a specific meaning.- Common language• Conjecture• Speculation• Opinion- Ex: {all three provide explanations for observed phenomena}• Theory of gravitation• Theory of evolution• Theory of plate tectonicsWhat are Scientific Facts? Discrete bits of information based consistently replicated observations.What are Scientific Laws? Describes how nature acts under certain conditions, without explaining why.{Whereas theories are explanations, laws are description [Theories do not become laws as evidence accumulates; they are different things!]}Hypothesis vs. TheoryWhat is a hypothesis? A proposed explanation for an observation.• A valid hypothesis must be testableWhat is a theory? A much broader scope & explains a great…1. Ask a question2. Formulate a hypothesis3. Make predictions: ‘if-then’ statements4. Perform experiments to test the predictions5. Determine whether the results support or refute the hypothesisScience is a process: Experimentation • Controlled experiments use experimental groups & control groups to test a hypothesis.• The experimental group is the group n an experiment that experiences the variable.• The control group receives a placebo- a fake treatment given to control groups to mimic the experience of the experimental groups.• The dependent variable is the measured result of an experiment. It is analyzed in both the experimental & control groups.• Increased sample size, increases the confidence in the result of the study.• X-axis: independent variable; Y-axis: dependent variableInterpreting results from the media• Pay attention to the sample size• Think about confounding variables• Go directly to the source (find original study)• Look for articles that bring lots of evidence together Some fields of science rely on observations rather than experiments1. Field studies2. Meteorology3. Astronomy 4. PaleontologyLecture 3 (January 27th)Building Blocks of Life• Atom-smallest part of element: made up of a dese, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons.• Molecule-smallest part of a chemical compound: the smallest physical unit of a substance that can exist independently, consisting of one or more atom held together by chemical forces (bond).Matter, Atoms, & molecules• Atoms are usually bonded to each other to form molecules• An element is a basic substance that can’t be broken down-examples of elements include hydrogen, carbon, & gold.-the smallest amount of an element is an atom• Individual elements combine to form compounds• There are two main ways that atoms can bond together to form molecules:-sharing electrons-transferring electrons & creating two oppositely charged atomsLaws of Thermodynamics1. Energy is never created or destroyed, but it can change form• Energy is the capacity to do work-kinetic energy: the energy of movement {light, heat, electricity} -potential energy: stored energy• All chemical reactions require energy• Beyond the activation energy, some reactions release energy whereas others require an input of energyThe Polar Nature of Water Means That Water Forms Hydrogen Bonds• Water molecules form networks of hydrogen bonds• In liquid water hydrogen bonds constantly break & re-formpH is a Measure of the Acidity of a Solution• The pH scale runs from acidic (0) to basic (14)• Each number in the pH scale represents a tenfold change in H+ ion concentrationBuffers Help Reduce Changes in pH• Cells regulate their pH-by accepting H+ ions• Buffers within our blood counteract a drop in oxygenOrganic