BIOH 370 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture Last Lecture on Endocrine SystemI. Ovaries/Testes Continued:a. Low Testosterone:Replacement therapy:b. Experimentc. FSH and LHI. Pineal Gland and ThymusII. Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs, Eicosanoids, and Growth FactorsIII. The Stress ResponseIV. Development of the Endocrine SystemV. Aging and the Endocrine Systemi. Hormone ChangesOutline of Current Lecture BloodI. Functions of Bloodi. Transportationii. Regulationiii. ProtectionII. Properties of Blood- The makings of bloodIII. How Blood Cells are Made (hematopoiesis) - Hematopoiesis Throughout LifeIV. RBCs These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Hemoglobinb. CO2 Transportc. Erythropoiesis V. Causes of Anemia i. Insufficient erythrocytesii. Dietary Absorption- Iron-deficiency anemia - Pernicious anemiaiii. Genetics - Abnormal hemoglobin StructureCurrent LectureBloodI. Functions of Blooda. Transportationi. Oxygen, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste productsb. Regulationii. pH, body temperature, water content of cells through blood osmotic pressure- Protectioni. Hemostasis, WBCs, immune systemII. Properties of Blooda. Blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix (plasma)b. The makings of blood:- Plasma (least dense)=55%- Buffy coat=white blood cells+ platelets=very small amount- Red Blood Cells(most dense)= 45%c. Platelets get activatedeasily and throw outdendrites to “hold hands”when do get activatedIII. How Blood Cells are Made(hematopoiesis) a. Study Chart:-When a pluripotent cell- it canchoose to be anything it wants-chooses the best environment usually-Once choose a certain route to take, can’t change routeb. Hematopoiesis Throughout Life:i. During Development:Embryo:o yolk sacFetus:o Liver, Spleen, Thymus, Lymph nodes, Red bone marrow (last 3 months before birth)ii . Adults:• Only red bone marrow can undergo hematopoiesis • Red marrow:– Pectoral and pelvic girdles– Proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur• As adults age, amount of red marrow decreases and is replace by fatty yellow marrow (can be reversible)IV. RBCs a. Hemoglobin- Each RBC contains 280 hemoglobin molecules- Each hemoglobin protein can bind four Oxygen molecules- Transports ~23% of CO2- NO binds to hemoglobin, but released NO causes vasodilation, which regulates blood pressureb. CO2 Transport- RBCs aid in CO2 transport in the blood enzymatically:o CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3--Carbonic anhydrase (CA)= enzyme usedo ~70% of CO2 in blood transported as bicarbonateBicarbonate is part of the alkaline reserve in the bloodc. Erythropoiesis - The production of RBCs- RBCs last about 120 days- Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia- Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity- platelets get irritated and throw out dendrites=can cause blood clots- Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on hormonal controls, adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins-** Study ChartV. Causes of Anemia a. Insufficient erythrocytes- Hemorrhagic anemia: acute or chronic loss of blood- Hemolytic anemia: RBCs rupture prematurely- Aplastic anemia: destruction or inhibition of red bone marrowb. Dietary Absorption- Iron-deficiency anemia -Secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia or-Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or-Impaired iron absorption- Pernicious anemia-Deficiency of vitamin B12-Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12-Treated by intramuscular injection of B12c. Genetics - Abnormal hemoglobin Structureo Thalassemias-Absent or faulty globin chain -RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin-Genetic mutations in the genes that code for the alpha or beta globin proteins (four genes code for each)-Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African
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