1. What is the criteria for invertebrate classification?2. What are the germ layer categories?3. What is an example of invertebrate with no germ layers?4. What are the germ layers in a diploblastic invertebrate?5. What are the germ layers in a triploblastic invertebrate?6. What is the definition of Invertebrate?7. What does the ectoderm develop into?8. What does the endoderm develop into?9. What is an example of diploblastic invertebrate?10. How are diploblstic organisms different from triploblastic or no germ layers?11. What were the first triploblasts?12. What does the addition of a mesoderm provide for an organism?13. What does the mesoderm develop into?14. What invertebrate is an example of asymmetry?15. what are some examples of radial symmetry?16. What is the hallmark of bilateral symmetry?17. what is cephalization?18. what are the 3 types of body cavities?19. What is an example of acoelomates?20. what is the nerve net?21. what makes an acoelomate?22. what makes a pseudocoelomate?23. what makes a coelomate?24. what is an example of pseudocoeomate25. what is an example of coelomates?26. what is fate of blastopore in protostomes?27. what is the fate of blastopore in deuterostome?28. what is schizocoely?29. what is enterocoely?30. How does the Coelom form in Deuterostomes?31. What is the cleavage of protostomes?32. what is the cleavage of deuterostomes?33. what is totipotent?34. what is the blastopore?35. what is parsimony?36. how does the Coelom form in Protostomes?Marb 435 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-7IntroductionQuestion 1. Approximately what percentage of all animal species are invertebrates?98% of all animal species are invertebratesQuestion 2. Which invertebrate taxa have the most number of species in the ocean?Mollusca with about 52,525 species Question 3. Give examples of the economic significance of invertebrates.- Critical role in most food webs- Sources for pharmaceuticals- Directly or indirectly cause many diseases in humans, animals and plants- Can become invasive and cause local extinctions and other problems- Model systems for many fields of studyQuestion 4. What is a binomial species name and what parts does it consist of?A binomial name was the way to classify organisms using Latin binomials. Carolus Linnaeus was the first to use this system. It consists of the genus and species of the animal written in italics with the genus name capitalized but the species name lower case. Example: Rosa sylvestrisQuestion 5. What can you infer about the species description and its author when you see this species name: Littorina irrorata (Say, 1822)?If a later author placed the species in a different genus, the name of the original author and year of original publication are listed in parenthesis: so this would mean that the species was renamed and they are giving credit to the original person who named it first.Question 6. Name all taxonomic categories from the most inclusive to the least inclusive one.Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus SpeciesPhylogeneticsQuestion 1. Which 20th century German entomologist is considered the founder of Phylogenetic Systematics?Willi HennigQuestion 2. Study the phylogenetic tree of Drosophila speices. Based only on the tree, decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or impossible to infer (N/A).The melanogaster group is monophyletic: TRUED. virilis and D. mojavensis are sister taxa: TRUEThe tree is ultrametric: TRUED. erecta and D. yakuba are sister taxa: FALSEWings are a synapomorphy for Drosophila: N/A because we don’t know its ancestorsThe obcura group and the melanogaster group diverged almost 30 million years ago: TRUE The tree is only partially resolved: FALSEThe obscura group is polyphyletic: TRUEDrosophila belongs in the subphylum Insecta and in the phylum Arthropoda: TRUEQuestion 3. Give brief definitions of the terms autapomorphy, synapomorphy, monophyletic group, paraphyletic group, polyphyletic group. Autopamorphy- Character state unique to a taxon, however it is phylogenetically uninformative Synapomorphy- Derived character state that is shared by all members of a group Paraphyletic Group – a group of species that does not include all descendants of an ancestral species Monophyletic group – a group of species that includes all descendants of a common ancestor Polyphyletic group- a group of species that has no direct common ancestorQuestion 4. How many character states do you usually have for each nucleotide position in a DNA sequence? What are they?Molecular Data- DNA (or protein) sequence data. Each nucleotide position is a character. DNA has four character states: ACGTQuestion 5. Invertebrates are:__ Monophyletic Paraphyletic__ Polyphyletic__ All of the aboveQuestion 6. Which of the following is correct? Check all that apply: The eyes of vertebrates and octopuses are homologous The eyes of vertebrates and octopuses are analogous__ The eyes of vertebrates and octopuses are paraphyletic The eyes of vertebrates and octopuses are results of convergent evolution__ The eyes of vertebrates and octopuses are a synapomorphyZooplanktonQuestion 1. Define plankton, neuston and nekton.1. Plankton- Drifting organism that inhabit the water column of seas, oceans or lakes- Passive transport with currents - Often capable of vertical migration in the oceans water columns2. Neuston- Type of plankton that is specifically associated with the uppermost layer of the water column; at the surface or just below3. Nekton- Organisms that live in the water column of seas, oceans and lakes and can propel themselves independently of the water currentsQuestion 2. Which size of zooplankton are you mostly going to capture with a plankton net of200 μm mesh size? Which organisms will probably dominate the sample?- Mesozooplankton- 0.2 – 20 mm  Copepods often represent 50-90% of the catchQuestion 3. Explain the difference between direct and indirect developmentDirect development1. It is a type of development in which an embryo develops into a mature individual without involving a larval stage. 2. Metamorphosis is absent. 3. It occurs in fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals.Indirect development: 1. It is a type of development that involves a sexually-immature larval stage, having different food requirements than adults. 2. Metamorphosis involving development of larva to a sexuallymature adult is present. 3. It occurs in most of the invertebrates and