BIOL 200a 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-7Lecture 1 (January 26)Introduction to Biology and life:There are five fundamental characteristics of life. They are able to process energy, able to reproduce, have cells, have genetic information, and are able to evolve.The cell theory states that everything comes from other preexisting cells and everything is madeof cells. Louis Pasture did an experiment and disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Louis Pasture’s experiment consisted of soup in two different containers, one was open to the air the other was sealed.The theory of evolution states that the characteristics of a population change over time and natural selection produces adaptations. An adaptation is something that increases an animal’s fitness. Theory is an explaination describing what could happen. A cell is an organized compartment bounded by a plasma membrane containing chemicals in a watery solutionLecture 2 and 3 (January 28, 30) Be able to describe the basic structure of an atom: protons, neutrons, electronsBe able to recognize the difference of atomic mass, atomic number, valence electrons and valenceDistinguish between nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds. List the unusual properties of water and explain how these properties relate to the structure of water molecules. Explain how acids and bases affect the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Define energy and describe the major forms it can take. Understand in what way chemical bonds can be considered a form of energy. Explain the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. Describe how changes in entropy and potential energy can determine whether or not a reaction is spontaneous. Discuss why carbon is a key element for life. List the six major functional groups, their structural formulas, and their basic characteristicsLecture 4 and 5 (February 2 and 4)Explain and give examples of why proteins are essential to cell function.Sketch the basic structure of an amino acid, and describe why and how the side chains affect the function and structure of each amino acid. Describe the four levels of protein structure, and give examples of each. Explain what an enzyme is, understand why enzymes are needed to help chemical reactions proceed in living cells, and know the role of the active site.Lecture 6 (February 6)Describe the characteristics that distinguish nucleic acids from the other macromolecules Summarize the functions of nucleic acids and nucleotides List the major components of a nucleotide and describe how these monomers are linked together to form a nucleic acid Distinguish between a purine and pyrimidineLecture 7 (February 9)List the features shared by all carbohydrates. Describe the type of monomer, the type of linkage, the branching (if any) for the following polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin Give examples of the four major functions that carbohydrates can perform in