History of PsychologyScience of PsychologyRoots in:PhilosophyBiology (esp. Physiology)Rene Descartes (1596-1650)4 Influences of Descartes on the development of Psychology1. Skepticism2. Humans are defined by thinking3. Body as a machine4. Mind and body both exist and interact with one anotherMind-body problem: How can two separate realms of existence – the mental and the physical – interact?Modern Resolution: Materialism: Everything is physicalWe are our brainsEmpiricism: Knowledge comes from empiricism through the sensesBiology (Psychology: How parts of the body function)Wilholm WundtFounder of modern psychologyEnd of the 1800sIndrospectrum: Research method in which deserves examine, record, and describe their own internal mental processesFunctionalism: View in psychology that focused on how a mental and behavioral processes function2 Influences on its development:1. Darwinism2. American’s Practical AttitudeClinical PsychologyPractitioners usually have a Master’s degreeor PhD in clinical psychologyPsychiatryA branch of medicine dealing with psychological disordersPracticed by physicians (medical doctors)Sometimes use medical treatments as well as psychological therapyPsychoanalysisTheraputic techniques based on Freudian or other psychoanalytic perspectivesUsually practiced by psychiatrists (but not always)Focus on unconscious conflicts, developmental problems, and repressionChapter 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological ScienceProblems with intuition or common senseHindsight BiasThe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one could have foreseen itPeople are overconfident in what they believeConfirmation BiasTendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence1. Measure and DescribeVariablesAny measurableSteps in a Scientific Study1. Formulate a hypothesisTheoryAn explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observationsBased on previous observationsMake predictions to test the theoryHypothesisA testable prediction2. Design the study3. Collect data4. Analyze the data and draw conclusions5. Report the findingsPsychology 1001 01/12/2015History of Psychology-Science of PsychologyoRoots in:PhilosophyBiology (esp. Physiology)oRene Descartes (1596-1650)4 Influences of Descartes on the development of Psychology1. Skepticism2. Humans are defined by thinking3. Body as a machine4. Mind and body both exist and interact with one anotherMind-body problem: How can two separate realmsof existence – the mental and the physical – interact?Modern Resolution: Materialism: Everything is physicalWe are our brainsEmpiricism: Knowledge comes from empiricism through the sensesBiology (Psychology: How parts of the body function)Wilholm WundtFounder of modern psychologyEnd of the 1800sIndrospectrum: Research method in which deserves examine, record, and describe their own internal mentalprocessesFunctionalism: View in psychology that focused on how a mental and behavioral processes function2 Influences on its development:-1. Darwinism-2. American’s Practical Attitude-Clinical PsychologyoPractitioners usually have a Master’s degreeor PhD in clinical psychology-PsychiatryoA branch of medicine dealing with psychological disordersoPracticed by physicians (medical doctors)oSometimes use medical treatments as well as psychological therapy-PsychoanalysisoTheraputic techniques based on Freudian or other psychoanalytic perspectivesoUsually practiced by psychiatrists (but not always)oFocus on unconscious conflicts, developmental problems, and repressionChapter 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science-Problems with intuition or common sense-Hindsight BiasoThe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one could have foreseen itoPeople are overconfident in what they believe-Confirmation BiasoTendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence-1. Measure and DescribeoVariablesAny measurable oSteps in a Scientific Study1. Formulate a hypothesisTheory-An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations-Based on previous observations-Make predictions to test the theoryHypothesis-A testable prediction2. Design the study3. Collect data4. Analyze the data and draw conclusions5. Report the
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