JKAfricana = 1. Continental Africa2. African Diaspora (outside of Africa) (African descent) -disperseSankofa – return to the sourceLearn from the pastTo inform the presentGuide the futureKey TermsSystemic, structured methodology, critical thinking.African DiasporaContinental AfricaAt times overlapping, intersecting history, and contemporary culture and politics.Agency and InitiativeAgency – Not only the capacity and will to act, but to do so in the interest of one’s self determination.Origins1. Classical Black Studies – dates back to ancient civilizations of Egypt, Ghana, Mali, Songhai, for example the University of Sankore2. Contemporary Black Studies in Universities in the USA – was born in the context of social, cultural and political struggles of the 60’s. What were activists in the 60’s in the USA fighting for? – p6How did this struggle play out in Universities?Critical intellectual study and an instrument of social change.The University as a microcosm of wider USA society in terms of race, class, and power.The University as society’s “brain,” or as the “intellectual factory: of society.Ethnic Studies, Women and gender studies as a part of W.E.B. Du Bois’s Gift TheorySites of Struggle for Relevant EducationThe struggle for Black Studies was linked with sider social struggles and movements of the 60’s including:The Civil Rights MovementThe Free Speech MovementThe Anti-Vietnam War MovementThe Black Power MovementThe Activist Intellectual TraditionDoes not only exist in Black StudiesDefine: The activist-intellectual tradition is based on the concept of knowledge not only for knowledge sake but…Commitment to knowledge in the service of humanity, in other words, use knowledge to address critical issues of the times in both social discourse and social practice. Examples: CU Boulder Engineers Without BordersChallenge of the activist intellectual traditionTo be the best in scholarship – to critically master the theoretical components of your discipline(s), areas of studyTo critically apply what you learn and master in the service of humanity and social changeIn effect to move beyond the ivory tower mentality of the University.Epistemology – way of knowingRescue + Reconstruction – SankofaChapter 2Developmental Initiatives of Black StudiesThe Three Professional organizations of the DisciplineAfrican Heritage Studies Association (AHSA)The National Council for Black Studies (NCBS)Cheikh Anta Diop International ConferenceThe Afrocentric InitiativeAfro centricity: Taking the favorable position through the African peopleAfro centrism: Taking the favorable position through African descentEuro Centrism: Taking the favorable position through European descentExam QuestionDo you agree with the claim that Afrocentricity is favorable position-taking on African people and issues concerning them without sufficient intellectual grounding?If yes, why do you agree?If no, why do you disagree?Chapter 3Intersectional Oppression of Race and GenderLack of KnowledgeStereotyping/ConflatingGeneralizing – LimitedProblems of Study of African History1. Vastness – multifaceted, multiple cultures/societies – diverse, complex2. Oral History = problems/can change over time.. Djeli – Walking libraries.. Does not mean the absence of written languages.3. Lost/ European Conquest over time.The Decline of African SocietiesQuick Overview1. Lack of Unifying Ideology (Christianity/Islam)2. Enternal & External problems3. Enslavement4. European TechnologicalGuns, Ships, Maps5. Economics AdvantagesDemand for Slave LaborSlave labor key for exploration of New World resourcesAfricans brought in to replenish Indian laborers who were susceptible to European diseaseTerrible TransformationThe Terrible TransformationFrom Servanthood to racial slaveryFrom Christian Servants to racial slaveryFrom Property Ownership or Servant to racial slaveryFrom Peaceful Coesxistence to Manifest DestinyA belief system that to be black meant to be a slave & to be a slave meant to be black.**NOTE** I don’t think you can understand race relations in USA today without understanding slavery **NOTE**Englishmen landed at a territory which was named Jamestown1620 – Blacks purchased by Gov. of VirginiaBlacks were baptized once they were tradedEnglish Common LawChristians could not be placed under slaveryAfrican Americans made servants1622 Native Americans attack settlers for violation of treaty1625 Antonio – Servant1640 Anthony Johnson and Mary20 free Blacks13 owned their own land1640 – Beginning of Race Identity1641 – Massachusetts 1st recognizes slaveryUnity – Indentured servants – White/blackEnslave black peopleSlave Code in Virginia ColonyIf any slave resist his master (or by his master’s order correcting him) and by the extremity of coercion could chance to die, that his death shall not be accounted felony, but the master (or that other person &c.) be acquitted from molestation, since it cannot be presumed that prepended malice (which alone makes murder a felony) should induce any man to destroy his own estate.Commodity – To turn into a thing.American Paradox – freedom and slavery/enslavement.DehumanizeThe Middle Passage1. What is/was The Middle Passage?One Paragraph2. African Resistance aboard slave ships?One paragraphKarenga70 million overall African lives lost11-12 million1 million died over the Middle Passages1 million9 millionOctober 15, 2014Jim Crow LawsSome examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains whites and blacks. The U.S. military was also segregated.The Civil Rights MovementWhat is social movement?Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues, in otherSlave Code in Virginia ColonyThe Murder of Emmett TillStrange FruitThe Civil Rights MovementRosa Parks1. NAACP Secretary2. Activist3. Not her first time to defy the segregated bus seatingDr. King26 years oldPeaceful non-violent protestChristian love-AgapeBoycott lasted for 11 months through the winterViolence escalatedSupreme Court intervened calling segregation on buses unconstitutionalIntroduction to Africana Studies 09/08/2014JKAfricana = 1. Continental Africa 2. African Diaspora (outside of Africa) (African descent) -disperseSankofa – return to the sourceLearn