BIOL 107 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 Behavior Ecology: What we are born with, what we learn What an animal does and how it does it Interaction of animal with its environment Innate (genetic) component Behavior may be modified based upon experiences (learned behavior) Behavior may follow a specific pattern Behavior is related to maturation: Animals/organisms must be mature in order to perform a pattern of behavior (physiologically ready) Motor Programs- coordinated sequences of muscle actionsCost-Benefit Analysis: Used to determine if a behavior is adaptive Benefits contribute to direct fitness If benefits outweigh costs, behavior is adaptive Behavior Responses: Kinetic- increased random movement Taxis- direction movement Reflex- part of body response to stimulus without involving higher nerve centerGenetics of Behavior Involvement of genes HybridsFixed Action Pattern: Activity need not be previously seen Releaser (sign stimulus) Egg Rolling Ticks Dog Burying Bones (without sign stimulus) AggressionBehavior Modification: Habituation- no harmful, irrelevant stimulus Imprinting- recognize behavior and follows it Association- Pavlov’s Dogs Imitation Problem SolvingBiological Rhythms: Advantages Circadian- approximate length of a day Lunar- the cycle of the moon Cir-annual- a yearly cycle Time of Daily Activity- Diurnal- active during day- Nocturnal- active during night- Crepuscular- active during dawn/duskBiological Clocks: Internal timing mechanisms that regulate biological rhythms External clues not necessary as a control, but help set the clock timing Master clock in mammals located in hypothalamus Migration and Navigation: Migration1. Moving from one location to another2. Distance not a factor 3. Long range: Water or Air 4. Short Range: Land 5. Environmental changes (weather) major reason 6. Support of feeding and breeding7. Avoidance of predators8. Costs time, energy, greater risk of predation Navigation 1. Does not require migration 2. Directional movement using orientation aids a. Visual (maps)b. Celestial (stars)c. Lunar (moon)d. Solar (sun)e. Magnetic North f. Olfactoryg. Other Environmental FactorsSocial Interaction: Animal Societies are characterized by communication, cooperation and division of labor, and tendency to live close together Communication Methods1. Visual2. Auditory 3. Olfaction4. Tactile5. Electrical Courtship and Mating- Ensure male is member of the same speciesPermit female to access the quality of the maleLecture 2 Species: a group of reproducing individuals Population: a group of individuals (species) Community: a group of populations Population Demographics: Density: number per unit area Dispersion: 1. Distribution over area2. Clumped (aggregated)3. Uniform4. RandomPopulation Growth and Size: General factors affecting population size1. Birthrate2. Mortality3. Immigration4. Emigration 5. Growth Rate: R=(B-D)+(I-E) J-Shaped Growth Curve: Population still growing S-Shaped Growth Curve: Can grow until certain point, plateau Density Dependent Factors: Limit Population Growth1. Determined directly by population size2. Work to limit/enhance growth3. Percentage of population is affected, not just select individuals Density Independent Factors 1. Not determined by population size2. Number per unit area not important3. Most often abiotic factors4. Randomly affects individualsSurvivorship Curves: Type 1- Mortality greatest in old age Type 2- Mortality spread evenly Type 3- Mortality greatest among young Lecture 3 Niches Ecological: How an animal interacts in a habitat (biotic or abiotic) Fundamental: Resources used by a species in the absence of any competition or other biotic factors Realized: Where the animal ultimately fits into the environment in the presence of competition and biotic factorsSpecies Interactions Symbiotic Relationships (Symbiosis)1. Mutualism- both benefit2. Commensalism- one benefits and the other not affected 3. Parasitism- one benefits, one harmed Competition: both harmed Competitive Exclusion: 1. Two species cannot occupy the same niche2. One species ultimately excluded due to competition for limited resources Reduction in Competition (Resource Partitioning)1. Evolution of differences in resource use induces competition between similar species2. Risk of predation also involved in foraging behavior3. If a predator is present, the species may adjust Predation:1. Predator eats prey2. Results in coevolution3. Methods includea. Pursuit and rundownb. Ambush and lying and waitingc. Attraction: lures, means of getting attention4. Cannibalism Survival Generalist: more likely to survive, eat more than one thing Specialist: eat one thing Character Displacement- One animal has advantage over another due to a characteristicPredator-Prey Interactions (Coevolution) Predator- Evolve better methods of hunting and prey detection- Evolve protective coloration Prey- Changes in coloration and shapeDefensive Strategies Plants Animals Physical Protection Chemical Protection Coloration Camouflage Mimicry Species-Species Interaction (Parasitism) Extracellular Parasite Intracellular Parasite Brood Parasitism Community Keystone Species- Necessary to community- Not usually present in the largest numbers- Large impact on community Dominant Species- Greatest in number- Large biomass- Attain status by competitive exclusion - Determine what happens in the community Native Species - Normally naturally found in that area Exotic Species- Foreign species introduced into that area Indicator Species - Tells something about environment (good or bad)Succession Primary Succession - Initial establishment of species in a previously uninhabited area- The environment changes over time- Soil has never been present- Groups of species get established as the pioneer community Secondary Succession- Occurs after primary- Soil is present and other species take advantage of the changes Climax Community - End of the line- Mature and stable community environment- A change in community structure (species) over timeLecture 4Organizational Hierarchy Organisms -> Populations -> Communities -> Ecosystems -> EcosphereEcosystems Require energy fixation (producers)1. Plants
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