AVS 101 1st Edition Lecture 6VitaminsThiamin (B1)FUNCTION• Normal nerve function• SOURCES• Meat, green leafy vegetables & grain• 1897 Dr. Eijkmen – prison experiments• Inmates/chickens had beri-beri• Fed rice polishings• Concludes it destroyed poisonous substance in rice• Beri-berià neurological disorder• Symptoms: tingling in hands & feet, confusion, difficulty breathing• Milk/meat/veg to sailor’s diet• Raw fish has thiaminase which inactivates thiamin• Polished rice (germ/skin removed)• Polyneuritisàlocomotor incoordination Riboflavin (B2)FUNCTIONS• Key role in energy production• Curled toe paralysis (chicken)• Irreversible• In humans à lip, tongue & skin lesions Niacin (B3) FUNCTIONS• Maintains the nervous system• Deficiency is rampant in Southern US• Diet consists of cornbread, molasses, salt pork à poor peopleCorn is low in niacin à• Dietary essential for monogastrics• Deficiencies occur if:• Improper & lengthy feed storageStorage/processing • Pellagra = the 3 D’s• Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis• Scientist à Goldberger• Theory = pellagra was not communicable/contagious disease Pantothenic Acid (B5)• Acts as a coenzyme• Required by pig, dog, rat & chick• Synthesized by ruminants, human, horses & rabbits• Goose-stepping in swinePyridoxine (B6)• Conversion of tryptophan to Niacin• Utilization of fatty acids (protein metabolism)• Growth• Convulsions in rats, swine, dogs & infants• Anemia in dogs & swine Biotin (B7 originally Vitamin H)• Coenzyme in carbon dioxide fixation• Avidin (protein) is a Biotin antagonist• Found in egg white (albumen)• If heat egg white àAvidin destroyed• If feed raw egg white à Biotin deficiency• Perosis (Slipped tendon disease) - in chickens• Dermatitis - in humans & animals Folic Acid (B9)• Build red blood cells• Anemia during pregnancy• Prevention of spina bifida• Deficiency is rare in animals Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)• Must be added to diet (humans)• True vegetarian needs B12 supplement• Pernicious anemia – waste away• Fatal• Low hatchibility in chickens• Similar to Folic Acid• Contains cobalt – essential for B12 formation• Intrinsic factor produced in GI tract à helps body absorb Vitamin B12• Blood formation• Requires Folic acid, Vitamin C & Vitamin B 12 Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)FUNCTIONS• Anti-oxidant – prevents oxidation• Aids absorption of iron from food• First vitamin synthesized in lab• People, monkeys & guinea pigsneed dietary Vitamin C• Rarely needed in livestock diets• SOURCES• Citrus fruits, tomatoes, &• Hot
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