PLPA 2010 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Lecture 5Outline of Current Lecture II. MycotoxinsCurrent Lecture- Mycotoxins: o Turkey X Disease- caused by a fungus called Aspergillus flavuso Aflatoxin discovered- named after Aspergillus flavus Discovered at MIT in the 1960’s Very deadly for not only turkeys but lots of organisms Common in peanuts, corn, wheat It’s the only federal regulated mycotoxin in the US: 20 ppb for most human foods and .5 ppb for milk Limit for “finishing” (last days before it is slaughtered) meat animals is up to 300 ppb Only need a very small amount needed to do harm Short term: acute toxicity Long Term: causes liver cancer If you have Hepatitis B, exposure to aflotoxins increase cancer risk 30x Not all Aspergillus flavus strains make the toxin Less aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus when competing microbes are present Substrate affects toxin productiono Diamond Dog Food Outbreak In 2005, more than 75 dogs died in US because of aflotoxins- Liver damage, cancero Mycotoxins are small molecules produced by molds Not essential for a fungus to live, but might give it an advantage Toxic to vertebrates in low concentrations Diverse: over 500 mycotoxins are knowno Impact: the Food and Agriculture Organizaiton (FAO) estimates that 25% of the world’s crops are affected by myotoxins- Reduced yield due to fungal infectionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Loss of stored productso Fusarium: molds that grow mainly on wheat, barley, oats, corn- Not quite as toxic as aflatoxin- 1200 ppb vs. 20 ppb Zeralenone: mimics action of estrogen, causes abnormal development of female sex organs Trichothecenes: T2 causes alimentary toxic aleukia Deoxynivalenol: (vomitoxin) current problem in US grain crops Fumonisins: cause equine leucoencephalalomalacia (aka Hole in the HeadDisease of horses)- Linked with esophageal cancer may arise from consumption of contaminated grain or beer made from that graino Ochratoxin: can lead to kidney failure Can be in your house in the heating duct, coffeeo Tall Fescue: toxin that grows in the US and Canada Causes limb lameness, gangreneo Neotyphodium: good for grass- protects it form insects and helps to stay healthyo What can we do? Control the fungi in the field Control to fungi in storage Control insects in the field and storage Test grains, peanut butter, juice etc. for
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