POLS 021 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Current Political Situation in the USA a. Barack Obama and relationship with the Senate/House b. George W. Bush and Dick CheneyII. Origins of Democracy and Republic a. Philosophersb. Ancient Greece HistoryOutline of Current LectureI. Spiritual Authority vs. Secular Authority a. End of Roman Empireb. Religious strainsc. Catholic vs. Protestantd. The Tudor Dynastye. Emigration of Protestants and PuritansII. Causes of the Creation of the Social Contracta. The Interregnumb. Stuart Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Current Lecture:Spiritual Authority vs. secular authority:End of the Roman Empire:- Rome sacked by Vandals (East Germanic Tribe) in 455 ADThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Charlemagne (Charles the Great) and the Holy Roman Empire: recognized as Roman Emperor in 800 AD. United Western Europe for the first time since the collapse of the Roman Empire (spiritual authority overtakes secular authority). The 3 European strains: - Continental Catholic (eg. French, Spanish)- Continental Protestant (eg. Germany, Switzerland, Holland and Scandinavian countries)- British Isles (Primary English; a single continuous monarchy)Continental Catholic and Protestant strains collide in North America in the 1700s.- Magna Carter 1215 AD (Great Charter): First document imposed upon a King of England. - Martin Luther and John Calvin: Two key leaders in the 16th century Reformation.- The Peace of Augsburg (1555) was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League that officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent in the Holy Roman Empire.- Thirty Years’ War ends with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 – A war between Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmenting Holy Roman Empire. Was ignited in 1618 over an attempt by the king of Bohemia (future Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II) to impose Catholicism throughout domains. Protestant nobles rebelled, and by the 1630s most of continental Europe was at war.The Tudor Dynasty:- Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I1. The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand II and Isabella I) marries Edward VI. 2. Edward VI dies and so she marries Edward VI’s brother, Henry VIII (both Roman Catholics).3. Henry VIII divorces Catherine to marry Anne Boleyn (even though she is a Catholic with the Church of England). 4. Anne Boleyn has a baby girl – Elizabeth I5. Henry VIII executes Anne Boleyn by calling he a witch (supposedly for committing adultery and not bearing a son)6. The six wives of Henry VIII: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour (has baby boy and dies), Anne of Cleves (divorces after a six month marriage), Kathryn Howard (executed because of adultery), and lastly Katherine Parr (widowed when Henry VIII dies). 7. Henry VIII’s 9-year-old son, Edward VI, takes the throne. Edward VI was a supporter of the Protestant faith. Mary I defied Edward’s “Act of Uniformity” (abolishing Mass) by openly celebrating Mass.8. Lady Jane Grey initially takes the throne when Edward dies of tuberculosis. Though Mary assembled a force in East Anglia and successfully disposed of Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. Mary takes the throne with the intension to re-impose the Roman Catholic faith on England and do away with Heresy (“Bloody Mary was a sobriquet given to her by opponents because of her executions of Protestants). Reigns for 5 years before her death in 1558.9. Bastard Queen Elizabeth the first takes the throne and rules for 40 years until her death in 1603. She reverses Mary’s re-establishment of Roman Catholicism. She has no children (“virgin queen”). Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s cousin) – Has one child (James I). Scottish clansmen kick Mary out of Scotland. Elizabeth fears that Catholics will rally around Mary and kick out Elizabeth, so Elizabeth has her put away. When Elizabeth dies, Mary’s son James the first becomes King –believes that he is God’s messenger on Earth. Charles I, the son of James the first, succeeded to the throne after his father’s death. Parliamenteventually overthrows Charles I, and he is beheaded in 1649. Emigration of Protestants and Puritans for Religious Freedom:Protestants start to leave to New England (AKA first Pilgrims) in the 1600s. The next wave is the emigration of Puritans, who settle on the north shore of Massachusetts (Boston). They are richer and better educated than the Protestants. Beacon Hill – The city on the hill is the city that can’t be hit.NEW England: Better, purer and not as corrupt as England. The Interregnum, 1649-1660 (AKA English Commonwealth) England was a de facto Republic led by Oliver Cromwell New England colonies: Anti-CrownSouthern Colonies: Pro-Crown Hodge Podge Colonies (Pennsylvania): Diversity in beliefsStuart Restoration and Glorious Revolution- After Oliver Cromwell’s death in 1658, a political crisis emerges that results in the restoration (Stuart Restoration) of the monarchy. Charles II is invited to return to Britain to succeed his father as king. - James II—Charles’s brother and a great warrior—replaces Charles II after his death in 1685. - James II was deposed or “fired” as king in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.- His oldest daughter Mary II and William III of Orange (Protestants) are put on the throne in 1689.John Locke is contracted to write a theory as to why the king (James II) was fired. He came up with the Social Contract Theory:........ The Social Contract: This is an agreement with which a person enters into civil society. It exists for mutual preservation of the government and the people. Locke believes that humanity’s state of nature is to be bound morally, by the Law of Nature, and to not harm one another in lives or in possessions. Though with no government defense, humanity is vulnerable and subject to injury or enslavement. Locke therefore argues that it is the government’s purpose to provide people with security and protection in their rights to life, liberty, and property. He states that the government’s legitimacy comes from the citizens’ delegation to the government of their