PSYCH 202 1st Edition Lecture 9Piaget’s 3rd stage: Concrete operational I. (approx 7 to 11)II. transitivityPiaget’s 4th stage: Formal operationalI. (age 11 or 12 on)II. abstract thoughtIII. analogiesCriticisms of Piaget’s model:I. Assimilatea. fit data to theory/schemaII. Accommodatea. change the theory/schema to fit dataIII. Observation of limited samplesIV. Stages more continuous, less rigidV. Skills may appear in partial form earlier (methods may have prevented realizing this).a. Baillargeon’s research, othersLanguage:I. syntax: a. the structure of language; how words are combined into meaningful sentences.II. telegraphic speech:a. two word utterancesb. starts 18-20 months oldc. Ex: “No eat.”Now appearing in language debate...Nature vs Nurture!(NOT! – both contribute separately AND interact with each other) Evidence of NATURE’S role:I. Universal language stages: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. babbling (6 mos to 1 year)b. one word utterances (1 to 1 ½ years)c. two word phrases (around 18 to 20 mos) “telegraphic speech”II. Special brain areas:a. Broca’s area (left frontal lobe) -- language productionb. Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe) -- language comprehensionIII. Too much to learnIV. Wrong stuff reinforcedV. Wrong stuff never heard, but saidEvidence NURTURE’S role:I. Motherese (Parentese): a. slower, simpler, shorter, more clearly enunciated, repetitive, higher voiceII. Tomasello and Farrar (1986) a. parent and infant jointly attending: largest vocabulary gainsIII. Sensitivity to own language sounds Critical periods: I. “windows of time” in the development of an organism during which some particular development must occurII. If it’s critical, the developmental change absolutely will not occur after that point. a. e.g., puberty for syntax?sensitive periods: I. periods when a developmental change is most efficient, effective, but change can occur outside the period. II. e.g., puberty for learning a second
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