PSYC 332 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Current Lecture II. Intro to EmpiricismIII. The 4 Ways of KnowingIV. The 4 Canons of ScienceCurrent Lecture- Critical Thinking: thinking skeptically and thinking about cause and effect. - 4 Ways of Knowing- Intuition: can often be wrong e.g opposites attract vs. birds of a feather flock together.Anthromorphism: it’s intuitive to see something but that does not mean it’s actually there.- Logic: reasoning a priori “I think therefore I am”- Authority: sometimes consensus is taken as authority; taking someone else’s word for it e.g “Experts say”- Observation: believing something by observing or noticing it.All 4 methods are used but observation is valued the most. - 4 Canons of Science1. Determinism: - The world obeys systematic and ordered patterns.- Cause and effect relationships that are relatively consistent- Theories: sets of ideas of general rules that vary under conditions. - Hypothesis: a specific prediction of outcome given a set of specific conditions.2. Empiricism:- Observation should be trusted- Data talks3. Testability- Validation: finding evidence that supports the hypothesis- Falsification: conduct studies that have potential to disprove the hypothesis- Replication: results can be achieved repetitively- Confirmation Bias: An unintentional error in which you want to confirm your beliefs about something. However, you should instead want to both validate and falsify These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.hypothesis. 4. Parsimony- the simplest explanation is the best explanation- make as few assumptions as possible- Occam’s Razor = shave off the fatty theories about