BIOL K101 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Lecture 1 Name the structural elements of a cell. What are the four essential elements? What elemesnt make up the remaining 4% of life? What % of life do trace elements make up?What is a proton? What is a neutron? What is an electron? What is the atomic number located on the periodic table and what does it represent? How do you find the mass number? Atomic mass? Lecture 2What is an isotope? Define the difference between a radioactive isotope and a non-radioactive isotope. How is it used in biological research? What is important to understand about radioactive isotopes when using them for testing? Which form of an isotope is stable? What is a half-life? How are energy levels related to half-lives? Why do atoms want to fill their valence shells with electrons? What does it mean for an element to be stable? Define the different types of bonds and give examples of each. What is the strongest bond? What is the weakest? Explain the difference in hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions. What is a cation and an anion? Lecture 3What are the properties of water? Draw what the structure of water looks like. Is water polar or non-polar? What kind of bonds does water produce? Name the emergent properties of water. Iswater denser as a liquid or a solid? Why does ice float? What is a pH scale and what does it have to do with cells. Is the pH of 3 acidic or basic? What is a buff? How do H+ ions affect pH? Lecture 4 What is the Miller Urey Experiment? Why is carbon so important in building molecules? What isa hydrocarbon? Give an example. Define a macromolecule. What is the difference between amonomer and a polymer? What happens during a condensation reaction? What is the difference between a condensation and a dehydration reaction? What is hydrolysis? Lecture 5What is a monosaccharide? What is a disaccharide? What is a polysaccharide? Give examples ofdisaccharides. What monomers make up these disaccharides? Where are polysaccharides stored and what does its structure look like? Draw each carbohydrates: monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide. Lecture 6What is an ester link and what does it connect? What is a saturated fat? What is an unsaturated fat? Why is a saturated fat in a straight chain? What kind of fat is liquid at room temp? What kind is solid at room temp? Define monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat. What is a phospholipid? Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic. What does amphipathic mean? What % of a cell’s dry weight is from proteins? Name the structural proteins. Name the transport proteins. 1 alpha carbon and 4 bonds makes up what structure? What type of molecules is hydrophobic? A peptide bonds is what? Lecture 7What is a side chain? Know and recognize all side chains. Know whether or not they are polar and if they have a charge. What are the four levels of a protein structure? Where are proteins built? How many amino acids does glucagon have? What is an alpha sheet and what is a beta sheet? What kind of structure is a RBC? What is sickle cell? If you change that shape of a protein, what else changes? Identify a nucleotide and its components. Draw a purine and a pyrimidine and know how to identify them both. What codons are associated with each?Lecture 8What is the cell theory? Explain the different between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. What are the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell? What is a nucleus? What structures does the nuclear envelope contain? What is the nuclearmembrane? What is the nuclear lamina? What is progeria? What structures does the endomembrane contain? Lecture 9What is an electron microscope? Is bacterium a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell? How can you tell? What is a nucleoid? Which type of cell is larger and more complex? What components do eukaryotic cell posses? How does the rough ER differ from the smooth ER? What is the cis and trans phase of the Golgi apparatus? Draw a ribosome. What are the twoparts to a ribosome? What is a lysosome? What pH do they work best at? What is Tay Sacs? What is a peroxisome? Name the dysfunction associated to peroxisomes and their consequence. Name the three parts of the cytoskeleton. Lecture 10Finished Exam 1 material partially through chapter 7. Identify the different cellular components of the cell. What makes mitochondria and chloroplasts different? What is the BYA theory? What is the difference between cilia and flagella? What is an integral protein? What is a peripheral protein? What’s the difference between an integral protein and a peripheral protein? What is a glycoprotein and what is its function? What are the two sides of a cell membrane called? Which side is in contact with the cytoplasm? What in the extra cellular