KIN 3305 1st Edition Lecture 5 Sports and Activity Throughout History cont Outline of Previous Lecture I Ancient Greek II Roman Empire III Middle Ages and Medieval Europe IV The Renaissance Reformation and Age of Enlightenment Outline of Current Lecture I The Renaissance Reformation and Age of Enlightenment II Industrial Revolution III Sports in the United States IV The Renaissance Reformation and Age of Enlightenment Current Lecture I The Renaissance Reformation and Age of Enlightenment cont 1300 1800 a Religion and Sport i Asceticism strongly endorsed during mid Renaissance 1500s 1600s ii Various religious groups did not like sports Puritans and Calvins iii Major attempts made to abolish sport forms iv Peasant games were primary targets v St Andres golf established in 1500s vi Peasant games easy targets for the Puritans 1 Politically powerless 2 Used public settings 3 Staged activities on Sunday 4 Engaged in non religious behaviors vii The Protestant Reformation 1 Attempted to reform religious practices and values 2 Attempted to limit the growth of sport forms viii Sport abolishment unsuccessful 1 Monarchs rekindle interests in sport forms 2 Renewed interest during late Renaissance period 1600 1700 b Crusaders of Sport These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute i King James I challenged Puritanical Rule issued the King s Book of Sports ii Charles I admonished Puritan clergy regarding sport activity reissued The King s Book of Sports 1633 revived traditional festivals that included sport and games iii Successors specifically encouraged recreational pastimes for upper classes c Several sport forms that became more organized and highly participated in during this period included cricket golf fencing boating archery tennis and boxing d Women and Sport i Few opportunities existed but upper class women engaged in certain sports e g bowling croquet and tennis Livelihood dominated by males and domestic obligations e The Age of Enlightenment i Bridged the Renaissance and Industrial Revolution period ii Cultural expansion and colonization of distant lands continued iii Sport forms prevalent and culturally exchanged iv Sport vaguely began to resemble comtemporary sport v Such was the case in North America 1 Sports and games rarely grounded in religion 2 A modicum of organization and structure existed 3 Records and achievements occasionally kept 4 Competitions become more open f Differences Between Contemporary Sport i Sports viewed strictly as diversions no perceived redeeming value of sport minimal utility for athletes II Industrial Revolution 1780 1920 a Considered the quintessential period in the development of organized sport b Began in Europe around 1780 and expanded to Canada and North America around 1820 c Characterized by the development of factories alternative labor sources and the mass production of consumer goods d Major societal changes occurred due to massive industrialization e Organized sport and recreational pastimes were greatly influenced f Physical activity and sport were socially condoned and the instruction incorporated within the most revered institutions g Cities and technology grew exponentially i People in the work place discouraged from gathering ii industrialists feared uprisings and work stoppage iii Clergymen continued to endorse the Pilgrim Work Ethic iv The Pilgrim Work Ethic did not like play and idleness v vi vii viii Work was perceived as virtuous and Godly The well to do were the athletes The working class were the spectators Work obligations resources time and money dictated sport participation ix Mid 19th century social perspectives change 1 These views eventually led to increased physical activity and sport participation in the industrial work place and society III Sports in the United States Hyper Industralization and Immigraition a Economic Prosperity i Time period basically coincides with Gilded Age 1875 1925 ii Gilded Age characteristic of unparalleled economic growth in America iii The rich used sport to show that they had made it iv Sport helped reinforce status distinction for the rich v They influenced behavior etiquette and basic norms for players and spectactors development of standards for equipment and facilities organization and rules more institutionalized b Hegemonic Influences i Upper class became the reference group for society to emulate They determined 1 Appropriate attire 2 Social occasions 3 Appropriate facilities 4 Proper equipment ii People with economic power used their resources to define sport c Sport and Social Values i Sociologists refer to this as the process of encouragement or hegemony ii The tacit approval of wealthy individuals in the promotion and encouragement of sport helped them maintain power Coakley 2004 1 Sport used to promote social values and orientations of the elite d Sport and Character Development i Socialization and Assimilation 1 Massive European immigration to US 2 Sport used as socializing factor and assimilatory agent 3 Sport viewed as a means for changing human behavior and values 4 Socially approved values inculcated via sport programs in public schools 5 Sport now used to change behavior build unity and cohesion shape character and instill and create national fervor ii Sport programs were used as tools to teach immigrant children lessons on becoming good contributing and productive Americans 1 2 3 4 5 American team sports used to undermine traditional ethic values Soccer discouraged because it was viewed as a foreigner s game Industrialists and capitalists espoused the merits of team sports Certain values allegedly accrued from team sports Religious groups perceived a link between sport and spiritual reform 6 The religious link was coined muscular Christianity 7 Muscular Christianity outgrowths include YMCA and FCA iii Discrimination and Arbitrary Tiering 1 Character building via sport aimed at males 2 Sport was used to tame the savage undisciplined lower class male 3 Efforts were made to create orderly citizens and productive laborers 4 Sport was designed to train middle and upper class males to become leaders i e assertive competitive and goal oriented young man 5 Upper and middle class sport training was for leadership roles in society 6 Sport programs were segregated based on race ethnicity and skin color 7 Women elderly and physically challenged relegated to spectator roles