POLS 2311 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Politics and Power in AmericaOutline of Current Lecture I. Before the Constitution: Colonial and Revolutionary ExperiencesII. Declaration of IndependenceIII. Articles of ConfederationIV. A Nation DissolvingV. The Great CompromiseVI. The Three-Fifths CompromiseVII. A Strategy for RatificationVIII. The Framers’ GoalsCurrent Lecture(Something to ponder before the lecture: Alexander Hamilton asked the question “Why has government been instituted?” His response: “The passions of man will not conform to the dictates of reason and justice without constraint.”)Before the Constitution- The colonists’ experiences with democratic institutions include the English Parliament and colonial charters.- England was put into debt after helping the colonists with the French and Indian War, and so placed some taxes so the colonists could repay them:- The Stamp Act (1765) - a tax on colonial newspapers and documents. The colonists did not respond well to this tax, so England stepped back.- The Townsend Act (1773) - a tax on tea, glass, lead, and paper goods.- In response to this, the colonists met in 1774 in the First Continental Congress to define their demands. The Battle at Lexington and Concord soon followed, leading to the “shot heard round the world.”Declaration of Independence- The call to revolution was sounded—the colonists wanted to fight for liberty, equality, individual rights, self-government, and lawful powers.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Thomas Jefferson believed in the notion that “all men are created equal,” and that “just powers derive from the consent of the governed.”- Philosophy of John Lockeo Locke believed in the inalienable rights: life, liberty, and property. Locke also believed in the social contract, as in the government has a responsibility to preserve the rights of the people.Articles of Confederation- They were adopted during the Civil War.- They advocated for a weak central government, as to avoid a repeat of the British monarchy.- States had “sovereignty, freedom, and independence.”- The AOC prohibited Congress from interfering in states’ commerce policies and also prohibited Congress from taxation.A Nation Dissolving- There were raised fears about governmental weakness.- Weakened Congress.- Daniel Shays led farmers to prevent their land from being foreclosed.- Congress was too weak to raise an army to stop the rebels.- This motivated Congress to authorize a convention in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation.The Great Compromise: a two-chamber Congress- Small states and large states alike were concerned with their needs being met, as shown in the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.- Virginia (large state) Plan:- New Jersey (small state) Plan:- Great Compromise gave the states what they wanted through the House of Representatives, based in proportional representation, and the Senate, based in equal representation.The Three-Fifths Compromise: issues of slavery and trade- Congress agreed not to tax exports, only imports.- Congress agreed not to outlaw slavery- Three-Fifths Compromise: in which three-fifths of the enslaved population counted for the apportionment of taxes and political representation.A Strategy for Ratification- The Constitution was submitted directly to the states.- Of course, there were supporters and opponents, the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.- The Federalists were the supporters of the Constitution.- The Anti-Federalists opposed it.- Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay were a part of The Federalists Papers, a series of letters supporting the Constitution.The Framers’ Goals- For the government to be strong enough to meet the country’s needs. (Shay’s Rebellion exposed those needs.)- For the government not to threat the existence of the separates. (They wanted the states to maintain their sovereignty.)- For government not to threaten liberty, as the British did.- Finally, they wanted government to be based on popular