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GSU POLS 1101 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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3/5 Compromise- slaves would not be counted as whole persons for the purposes of representation, but they would not be excluded from the population count either. Instead, a slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person.Affirmative Action- a range of policies aimed at promotingequality of outcome by providing expanded educational and employment opportunities for members of a previously disadvantaged group.Articles of Confederation- First crack at structuring a continental government; big failureBicameralism- composed of two chambers. A bicameral legislature has two houses.1. House of Representatives- proportional to state; protect local interest2. Senate- 2 per state; Protect state interestBill of Rights (Including 10 Amendments) - defines the core of civil liberties protections, and Supreme Court interpretations define the limits of these protections; was a compromise between the Federalist and anti- Federalist1. Protects our freedom of expression; protects 5 liberties: religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition2. Right to bear arms3. No quartering Troops4. No unreasonable search and seizures5. No double jeopardy or self incrimination6. Right to speedy public trail7. Right to jury trial in civil cases8. No cruel and unusual punishment9. Rights not enumerated in constitution10. States’ rightsCivil liberty- are protections against government actionsCivil Right- positive actions of government should take to create equal conditions for all Americans.Concurrent Power- powers in nations with a federal system of government that are shared by both the state and federal governmentDe facto segregation- happens by fact than by legal requirementDe jure segregation- happens by lawDevolution- the delegation of power by the federal government to state and local governments.Direct Democracy- people decide policies directlyDouble Jeopardy- forbids a person from being tried for thesame crime Due Process- the principle that government must protect the legal rights of citizens. These protections are grounded in the Bill of Rights and inform the American judicial system.Enumerated Powers (aka Express Powers) - a list of powers specifically granted to Congress. The enumeratedpowers of Congress are found in the first 17 clauses of Article I, sec. 8, of the U.S. Constitution. Such as the powers to declare war, coin money, and regulate commerceEqual Protection Clause- the portion of the 14th Amendment that requires the states to treat citizensequally under the law. The equal protection clause is also the basis for the incorporation doctrine, which extends Bill of Rights protections to shield citizens from state as well as federal abridgment of basic freedoms.Full Faith and Credit Clause- Requires that states recognize and respect the laws of other states Government- coordinate behavior of everyone to achieve desirable outcome, there to protect the peopleGreat Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)- provided for a bicameral legislature (Congress) that incorporated elements of both plans, with the upper house (the Senate) composed of equal representation of states and the lower house (the House of Representatives) composed of proportional representation of population. All legislation would require the approval of both houses, thus protecting the voice of the minority while providing for the general welfare.Interstate Commerce Clause- The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." Judicial Review- Allows Supreme Court the power to strikedown legislation as unconstitutional; never specifically mentioned in ConstitutionLiberty- people who are able to act freely within society without restrictions from authority Necessary and Proper Clause- Allows Congress to do whatever is "necessary and proper" to carry out its powers; also known as the elastic clauseNew Jersey Plan- proposed a unicameral legislature in which each state would have a single vote. This design would protect small states by providing equal representation regardless of population size.Political Culture-Public good- free to everyone, paid through tax dollarsReserve Power- powers not directly stated in the constitutionSelective incorporation- where some of the rules in the Bill of rights doesn’t have to be followed by the states.Supremacy Clause- Suggests that federal law overrides state law in cases where the two conflictThe 19th Amendment- prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex.The Missouri Compromise- Missouri would enter the country as a slave state, but Main would have to be entered as a non-slave state; drew an imaginary line across the top of Louisiana; 36-30 lineThe types of government-Virginia Plan- It presented a system of three branches—the legislative, executive, and judicial—that would balance power and responsibility across the government. It also suggested a new formula for representation in a bicameral legislature that would increase the power of the large states relative to the small states.What does it mean for a government to be a republic? People directly elect its representatives to act on their behalf; belongs to the publicWhat are the 5 liberties guaranteed by the 1st Amendment? 1. Religion- both establishment clause AND the free exercise clause2. Speech-3. Press4. Assembly5. PetitionWhat are the differences between a unitary, confederal, and federal government? A. A Unitary System. In a unitary system of government, the central government gives power to sub-national governments (counties, provinces, etc.).B. A Confederal System. In a confederal system of government, power is retained by local or regional governments. C.A Federal System. Federal systems divide power between the national and lower level governments. Each government has distinct powers that the other governments cannot overrideWhat were the problems with the Articles of Confederation? 1. No president2. No central governmenta. No armyb. No taxingc. No public goodsd. Different currenciese. No international trade3. Unanimous consent for ratificationWhat is limited government and how do federalism, republicanism, the separation of powers, and the system of checks and balances limit government activity (that is, how does the American political system seek to limit a “tyranny of the majority”? It makes sure no one branch has more power than the other.Which were the Civil


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