GEOG 140 Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Russian EthnicitiesII. Russian Regions III. Russian Government IV. Political & Economical Transitions Outline of Current Lecture I. Cultural & Historical links between Russia & Central AsiaII. Persian HeritageIII. ConquestsA. Arab B. Turkic C. MongolIV. Pax MongolicV. The Great GameVI. Tribal and Ethnic Geography A. RussiaficationB. TribalismC. EthnocentrismVII. AfghanistanVIII. Taliban MovementIX. Fall of TalibanX. Environmental DisasterXI. Social ConsequencesCurrent LectureCultural and Historical links between Russia and central Asia- Developed vs. Developing- East vs. West - Command Economy vs. Demand EconomyPersian Heritage- Network of urban settlements (silk road – Buda’s)- Most of the region is nomadicConquestsA. Arab - AD 713These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Influenced religious groups- Most of central Asia has Muslims- Eastern orthodoxB. Turkic - AD 1000- Predominantly nomadicC. Mongol - Defeated the Turkish people- Irrigation systems were destroyed- Became ruralPax Mongolica- Cities rebuilt- Trade/Herding- Cultures blend- Lots of wealth thrived here The Great Game- Period in time when Britain and Russia fought over Central Asia- Three wars broke out- Russians eventually controlled the north land – extensive colonization- Afghanistan became the buffer country between these two forces - Afghanistan was the buffer because it resisted empirical and colonial influenceTribal and Ethnic Geography (Central Asia)- 15 different ethnic republics - Include members of other ethnicities- All of the republics allowed Russian minorities to exist in every countryA. Russiafication - Cultural Effect- Emphasized Russian language- Resulted in giving second class status to cultures and languages B. Tribalism- A social system where human societies are divided into small, roughly in depended subgroups- Lack social structure outside of their society- Based on kinship, more unique than other tribes- First thing humans belonged too- Still relevant in many areas of the world- Each tribe has a very strong ethnic culture identity C. Ethnocentrism- Tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one’s own cultureAfghanistan - Divided into north and south regions- North = identification of north Asia- South = identification of south Asia and India - By 1978 the communist government seemed likely to fall- 1970’s, communist group takes power- 1979, Soviet invasion to support vulnerable communist government- 1979-1988, soviet vs. mujahideen- American support for mujahideen - Soviets withdrew in 1989, reported 15,000 dead- Post-Soviet – Northern alliance fractures; Civil War begins between various groups of mujahideen - Finally, the Taliban rises to powerTaliban movement- Pashtun group, formed in Pakistan- Fought Northern Alliance for control- 1996 consolidate power; 2001 end civil war- Fundamentalist rhetoric lead to cultural reversion - Taliban controlled most of the country- On Sept. 9, 2001, they killed the leaderFall of Taliban- Links to Al-Quaeda, WTC attacks- U.S. invasion destroys Taliban- Power vacuum revives ethnic distinctions - Since then, Afghanistan is still working towards democratic reform- Afghanistan is still resisting imperialismEnvironmental Disasters- Agriculture is an arid landscape- Water sources for irrigation, 95% comes from surface flow- Crops (cotton, rice, tobacco) grown in the Soviet- Ecological disasters, near the Arial sea - Destroys the health of the people - Precipitation is only 4 inch. - No penalties for overuse of water which caused dramatic consequences for the Arial sea- In 1960, only 20 species of fish existed in the Arial sea, now there are none - From 1965-1980, total inflow of water declined from 53 kilometers to none, sea level hasfallen, surface area decreased by halfSocial Consequences - DDT is found in water- Air contains salt, dust, pollution- Causes high respiratory disease- 70% of population is affected- Ethnic group in this region have developed diseases- Pregnant women have become anemic- 1,000 babies die before they reach 1 year old- 70% of people are pre-cancerous or