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UA ATMO 336 - Continuing Winds and Cyclogenesis
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Atmo 336 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture II. Effects of changes in air pressure and density on the human bodya. Defining hypoxiab. Ear popping in relation to human body adjustment to air pressureIII. The skew-T diagrama. Defining the skew-T diagramb. Reading barb symbolsIV. WindV. Pressure gradient and pressure gradient forcea. Defining a pressure gradientb. Defining a pressure gradient force in relation to windVI. Reading the pressure pattern on surface weather chartsa. Defining altitude adjustmentsb. Defining sea level pressurei. Isobars and their purpose on mapsOutline of Current Lecture VII. Pressure pattern on upper air weather chartsa. Using pressure gradientb. Pressure gradient forcec. Coriolis effect (define)VIII. Upper air weather chartsa. Wind directions are 90 degrees to the pressure gradient force (see diagram)IX. Surface (or sea level) weather chartsa. Wind direction 60 degrees from pressure gradient forceb. See diagramsc. Rising air= clouds and precipitationd. Sinking air= fair weatherX. Crash course in cyclogenesis (along polar fronts)a. Defining cyclogenesis (cyclones)b. Defining air massc. Defining weather frontXI. Polar jet streama. Defining the polar jet streamb. Direction in which it flows (see diagram)Current LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Pressure pattern on upper air weather chartso Air pushed from higher heights toward lower heightso The more closely spaced height contours, the stronger the pressure gradient= the stronger the winds- Determining wind direction and relative wind speedo Use pressure gradient= higher wind speeds found where contour lines are closest together Root cause of all windso Pressure gradient force= force exerted on air by changes in air pressure Direction of pressure gradient force= higher pressure lower pressureo Coriolis effect (or coriolis force) Air moves in direction forced by the horizontal pressure changes Actual wind direction is turned because of earth’s rotation Only important or motions that traverse long distances or last long enough for the earth to move significantly in it rotation This DOES NOT affect the direction that water swirls down a drain Determines direction of large-scale winds, direction of ocean currents, or paths of long-range missiles/airplanes In northern hemisphere, wind is deflected to the RIGHT because earth rotates counter-clockwise.- Upper air weather chartso On upper air charts, the wind moves parallel to the height contours, with lower heights to the left of the wind direction This is the basic rule to estimate wind speed and direction on 500mb charts- surface (or sea level) weather chartso frictional force or drag force due to contact with ground= complicated direction of air flow along ground wind direction @ ground is only turned 60 degrees to the right of pressure gradient force instead of 90 degrees =on surface weather charts the wind direction, rather than being parallel to the isobars, points 30 degrees toward lower pressureo Surface winds cause air to converge toward surface low pressure (forcing rising motion) and to diverge away from surface high pressure (forcing sinking motion) Where rising motion is forced, clouds and possibly precipitation may be found Where sinking motion is forced, fair weather and lack of cloud formation is mostlikely- Crash course in cyclogenesis o Cyclogenesis= development and strengthening of surface low pressure areas in the middle latitudes of the globeo Aka cyclones Convergence of air forces rising motion= clouds and precipitation Happens where warm and cold air comes together (polar masses= boundary that separates warm tropical air masses from cold arctic air masses)o An air mass= large area of air (thousands of km) with nearly uniform properties of temperature and humidity Sits over region for a few days Cold air masses develop over northern Canada or north pacific ocean Warm air masses develop over gulf of mexico or tropical pacific oceano Weather front= boundary between two different air masses Cold air mass invades warmer air mass= cold front Warm air mass invades cold air mass= warm front Warmer air mass foced to rise over colder air mass= clouds and precipitationo Cyclogenesis occurs along polar fronts- Polar jet streamo Polar jet stream= very fast moving current of air located near the top of troposphere where air pressure is about 250mb and the altitude is close to 10km.o Occurs along polar fronto Generally flows west east, but follows wavy path with troughs and ridges Commercial jets fly near jet stream This is why flights west east are faster than flights that are east


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UA ATMO 336 - Continuing Winds and Cyclogenesis

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