HST 010 1st EditionLecture 6Outline of Last Lecture The Safavid Empire was briefly covered. Following exploration on that subject, an analysis of theMughal Empire was presented from its beginning in India, following the fall of the Il-khanate, to its end. The lecture ended speaking to the beginning of the Catholic reformation, and where its roots started.Outline of Current Lecture - Reforms of Catholic Church- Corruption in the church- Martin Luther- Beginning of ProtestantismCurrent Lecture- Catholic Church, due to concordats/deals with aristocracy, the Church has become nationalized and part of the state.- Popes did these Concordats to gain support from European Kingdoms.- Germany was not offered this as the kingdom was made up of German Princlings- Subsequently the Germans are angry at lack of connection and this paves way for LutherMartin Luther and Protestant Reformation(1483-1546)- Augustinian Friar and Theology professor at Wittenberg- His study makes him feel that he is full of sin, he prays a lot and goes to mass, but he feels congested with sin- Luther coms to realization that God is merciful Judge and person only needed faith.- Doctrine of “justification by faith alone”- This leads to rejection of penance and confession sacraments as well as indulgences- In 1517 He post 95 objections to the main door to of Wittenberg (Ninety-Five Theses)- He wanted a debate to start from this , but the printing press allowed for a mass dispersal of the 95 around Germany.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Luther became leader of this Movement- His works spread fast due to his vast writings that spread quicklyLuther’s Theology- “Sola fida, sola gratia, solascriptura”- Priesthood of all believers (every person their own priest), the stuff of the Catholic Church useless- No need for priests, need pastors and ministers to help with teaching and guiding- Also believes in marrying of clergyman- Luther only believes that two sacraments are valid (Baptism and Communion)- Denies Papal supremacy (Pope only Bishop of Rome)- Religion should be decided by ruler of areaLuther and German politics- Luther called to answer for Heresy by Pope, he is called upon by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King of Spain most powerful nation) at Diet of Worms, 1521- He would have been found guilty, but he is saved by Frederick the Wise, (Elector of Saxony)- Other German Princes side with Luther, and Luther’s ideas pass on to the people.- Luther’s words pushed peasants to revolt in 1525, it was violently put down.- In 1529 “Protest” written by German Princes to Pope saying they backed LutherReligious fragmentation of Europe- Several different forms of Protestantism begin to grow- Lutheranism is in Northern Germany and Scandinavia- Switzerland has Reformed Christianity (during 1500s)- In France Calvinism started by John Calvin (1509-64) As opposed to Catholicism as possibleo No sacraments, Doctrine of Predestination, position in life already determined (only authority is scripture. (outward sign of inner Grace) o Calvin believed that the government should be theocracy and govern according to bibleo Very present in Netherlands and Scotland- French did become Calvinists, (referred to as Hugenots)- King Henry Viii (r 1509-47) and Anglicanism in Englando Break from Rome and create Church under Kings controlo He was pretty Catholic, so the Church is still very Catholic even though it is ProtestantCatholic Counter Reformation- -Inquisition central office created. Index of Prohibited books (1557)- Council of Trent (1545-1563)o Reaffirms and Strengthens Catholic faith and practice- The Jesuits (Society of Jesus)- Trying to push against Protestantism through preaching and teaching. - Very involved in converting non-Christian, varying ranges of success- Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)- The Counter Reformation kept place that were Catholic Catholic.Wars of Religion, 1530-1648- Major war in Germany between Catholic and Protestant Princes, Peace found with “Peace of Augsburg”, 1555 which was agree to disagree- French Wars of Religion, 1560s-1589o Huguenots and Catholicso Worst blood comes at St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572 and around 10,000 Huguenots slaughtered.o Ends When Henry Borbon becomes King- Most disruptive is Thirty Year War (1618-48)o Starts in Bohemiao Probably slaughtered millionsNext Lecture (Briggs Lecture 6)Political Developments in 17th to 18th century- Monarchies (area ruled by the King)- Principalities (Germany)- City States (Venice, Milan, Genoa, some in Germany)- Confederations (Switzerland containing towns and Cantons)- Holy Roman EmpireTwo main kinds of state come into being I 17th and 18thAbsolutist: Habsdburg Spain, Austria, France, RussiaConstitutional: Dutch Republic and EnglandThe aim of these states is to centralize power, expand, raise revenues, field large navies and armies(very important thing is that the Nation State is an invention of Europe in Early Modern and Modern period) - These states function to make war, and the strongest is Habsburg Spain in the 16th century- This is possible due to both the native ability but also the riches from colonies- Habsburg fought many wars, Valois wars in 1525-59, and then 1588-98 over Italy- Also Against Ottomans 1526-70 where the French sided with the Ottomans in 1535- French wars of Religion ending in 1589Absolutism Government defined as All power exercised by a divinely appointed monarch, Powerenforced by large civil service militaryFrance really adopts this under the reign of Louis 14 r (1643-1715)- Rebellion occurs called The Fronde (1648-53)- This pushes Louis to take ultimate control- “I am the State”- He is the “Sun King”- Great Patron of Culture- Manipulates the power away from nobles- Revokes Edict of Nante (ended war of Religion allowing Huguenots to live there) in 1685 - Most leave for Netherlands and New