Exam 3 Ch 8 Gender Inequality Sex biologically determined characteristic genetically male or female determines the biological role one will play in reproduction Gender a socially constructed characteristic The sociocultural distinction between males and females Gender Roles sets of cultural expectations that define the ways in which the members of each sex should behave born into societies with well established cultural guidelines for behavior of men and women the division of labor by sex 224 societies men always do men usually do either sex do women usually women always Gender Identity the conceptions we have of ourselves as being male or female Biological differences biological throwing something farther and faster non differences some academics and occupational aspirations Sexism set of cultural and social processes that justify and promote disadvantage for women discrimination and prejudice against women one race is naturally inferior to another race individual level one sex is superior to another people have implicit or explicit prejudice views that they act on ex women are dumb i m not hiring them classic discrimination explicit prejudice ex if we hire a woman they ll just get married get pregnant and quit i m not hiring one statistical discrimination ex papers with male names on them get higher points on essays classic discrimination implicit prejudice institutional level policies procedures and practices that produce unequal treatment ex maternity benefits differs in countries Role segregation gender division of labor men work and women take care of home roles constrain the way the group members may interact with others in society why choose role segregation have to have rules that define what is men and women so to sustain different roles Gender inequality at a workplace 50 years after the gender revolution gender differences in labor force participation and educational achievement Gender pay gap men make 80 to 1 dollar more than women occupational segregation in the gender pay gap the idea of male jobs being more prestigious than women women are overrepresented in certain jobs and vise versa it is universal all societies have varying degrees of occupational seg the actual occupants that men and women tend to choose differ by country motherhood penalty moms have pay penalty compared to motherless women the glass ceiling barriers that prevent women from getting promoted beyond certain level gender differences in self assessment internalized decision that males are better than females men and women in same industries firms and job titles number of top executives and board directors increase over the biggest to segregate them is the only way to make a difference years but some top positions still elude women as rank increases number of female faculty members decreases Movies Sheryl Sandberg why we have too few women leaders What are factors that are holding women back from certain career advances thoughts of having children confidence level Miss Representation full brain development from 18 24 woman makes 77 for every 1 a man makes cuba china iraq and japan have had female leaders and america has not Ch 10 The Family Key points family is socially constructed its form and structure reflects the society and culture it emerges out of who we marry is largely structured by society the key to understanding family is change Family as a social institution Nuclear a family arrangement in which the spouses and their offspring constitute the core relationship blood relatives are functionally marginal and peripheral Extended family arrangement in which kin individuals related by common ancestry provide the core relationship spouses are functionally marginal and peripheral Family of Orientation a nuclear family that consists of oneself and one s father mother and siblings who you come from Family of Procreation a nuclear family that consists of oneself and one s spouse and children the family you form Authority heads of household patriarchal power vested in men matriarchal power vested in women egalitarian power equally distributed between husband and wife Functions of the family socializing the children regulating sexual behavior Marriage and courtship Monogamy 1 husband 1 wife polygyny 1 husband 2 or more wives polyandry 2 or more husbands 1 wife group marriage 2 or more husbands 2 or more wives Endogamy the requirement that marriage occur within a group ex social class racial economic religion Exogamy the requirement that marriage occur outside a group incest in one of the reasons you have to marry outside groups Romantic Love the strong physical and emotional attraction between a man and woman western definition have to have this value and basis in every marriage Homogamy the tendency of like to marry like people attracted to those similar to them more social cultural and something that leads to endogamy individual process Matching hypothesis the notion that we typically experience the greatest payoff and the least cost when we select partners who have a degree of physical attractiveness similar to our own matching based on single aspect of appearance Complementary needs two different personality traits that are the counterparts of each other and that provide a sense of completeness when they are joined find something in another that you are lacking ex if you are talkative marry someone who is a good listener Exchange theory the view proposing that people involved in a mutually satisfying relationship will exchange behaviors that have low cost and high reward exchange for other types of rewards Age at first marriage and marital happiness women are marrying later marrying younger decreases marital happiness marrying older increases marital happiness The family cycle changes and realignments related to the altered expectations and requirements imposed on a husband and a wife as children are born and grow up building of a nuclear family adjusting to parenthood misconception babies make for happy family most unhappy part of marriage is when child is first born marital satisfaction decreases with child the empty nest leads to happier marriage most couples rank family highly important Social class and childbearing unequal childhoods class race and family life regardless of race and working middle class families have distinct ways of socializing their family instilling a middle class self concerted cultivation sense of entitlement relative inability to manage own leisure lots of