Exam 2 Review Deviance and Crime Deviance any behavior that violates a norm primary behavior that violates social norms but usually goes unnoticed by agents of social control secondary deviance that individuals adopt in response to the reactions of other individuals Crime an act prohibited by law index violent against people and property organized carried out by large scale bureaucratic organizations that provide illegal goods and services in public demand hate motivated by bias against race ethnic origin religion disability sexual orientation victimless no one involved is considered a victim Functionalism functions remind people what the norm is and promote social cohesiveness dysfunctions gives people insecurity Merton s Modes of Adaptation deviance derives from social stresses ex someone interested in gaining wealth by getting an education job innovation Social Control methods and strategies that regulate behavior within society 3 main types of processes operate within social life those that lead us to internalize our society s normative expectations internalization those that structure our world of social experience those that employ various formal and informal social sanctions Conflict Theory why people do not deviate power imbalance more powerful define deviance definition of deviance white collar vs street crimes wc crime committed by relatively affluent persons often in business activities fine sc burglary imprisonment 4 part bond attachment involvement commitment belief Symbolic Interactionism labeling theory people who are tagged as deviants begin to think of themselves as deviants and enter deviant careers differentiate between primary and secondary deviance cultural transmission theory similarities between the way deviant behavior is acquired and the way in which other behavior is acquired theory of differential association individuals become deviant to the extent to which they participate in settings where deviant ideas motivations and techniques are viewed favorably Crime certain type of deviance that is prohibited by law types at top criminal justice systems reactive agencies of the state police court prison Terrorism who are they origins strategies 2 make undesired behavior too costly to continue to serve as the vanguard incite a major event Social Stratification Stratification the structured ranking of individuals and groups their grading into hierarchical layers or strata is always hierarchical Dimensions of stratification economic standing wealth and income prestige and power wealth what people own income the amount of money people receive prestige the social respect admiration recognition associated with a particular social status power the ability individuals and groups to realize their will in human affairs even if it involves the resistance of others why is there stratification Functionalism strat exists because it is beneficial for society Conflict strat exists because it benefits individuals and groups who have the power to dominate and exploit others Universal yes in any form opened vs closed opened move within stratification open system people change their status with relative ease closed closed system people have great difficulty changing their status Economic inequality income and wealth in the US between groups higher inequality in the US trends Marx and Weber approaches to social class social class largely determines people s life chances and style of life and influences patterns of behavior including voting and sexual behavior dimensions of social class marx 2 dimensions between capitalists and proletarians weber 3 dimensions between class prestige and power power ability to reach goals with or without others resistance legitimacy and authority distinguish between power that is legitimate and illegitimate legitimate power authority weber suggested that power may be legitimated by traditional legal rational and or charismatic means traditional power that is legitimated by the sanctity of age old means legal rational power that is legitimated by explicit rules and rational procedures that define the rights and duties of occupants of given positions charismatic power that is legitimated by the extraordinary superhuman or supernatural qualities people attribute to a leader Methods of social class identification objective identifying social class that employs income occupation and education occupational prestige when they ask others to place jobs based on prestige self placement identifying social class that involves self classification reputational identifying social class that involves asking people how they classify others Upper Class in US Which 2 are intertwined Intergenerational mobility Poverty in US poverty has changed in recent decades children and elderly account for nearly half of all americans living in poverty theories regarding poverty culture of poverty view that the poor possess self perpetuating lifeways characterized by weak ego lack of impulse control present time orientation and sense of resignation and fatalism situational and structural feature of capitalist societies facts and trends underclass Types of social mobility social mobility process in which individuals or groups move from one level to another in the stratification system when talking about social mobility usually mean intergenerational occupational mobility vertical vs horizontal ver movement from one social status to another of higher or lower rank horiz movement from one social class to another that is approximately equivalent in rank intergenerational vs intragenerational INTER comparison of social status of parents and their children at some point in their respective careers education is most important INTRA comparison of social status of a person over extended time economic vs occupational vs education Mobility in US more upwardly mobile than downwardly mobile across generations most important factor in mobility education mobility within and in between social class status attainment research contend that it has a functionalist bias and that the dual labor market operates to sort people into core or periphery sector jobs dual labor market economy characterized by 2 sectors primary or core sectors offers good jobs secondary or periphery sector offers bad jobs inequality and mobility Inequalities of race and ethnicity Race and ethnicity functionalism ethnic differentiation reduces consensus increases the chances of conflict and threatens equilibrium of a society but