HDFS 135 1st Edition Lecture 4Foundations of Family ScienceSociological influence 1.pre-research stage- prior to writing mostly novelists, philosophers, social historians, Social Darwinism 1850 to 1900; Focused attention on the social evolution of marital and familial forms; influenced by Darwin's work Emerging Science; 1900 to 1950 Start to see the scientific study of marriage and the family emerge First study of families- Hamilton in 1924 The first published study: Termen, Buttenweiser, Ferguson, Johnson, & Wilson: 1938; Marital satisfaction; used questionnaires to assess sexual relationship, wife employment, similarity of temperament (probably personality today), things that they believed to cause problemsThe family as a unit of interacting personalities, by Ernest Burgess 1. Burgess talked about the family existing as a result of the interaction of family members; not what they did, but how they did it, the process, the act of doing 2. He was the first to say, study the family itself not just the members 3. His work is still cited today Period of systematic theory building: 1950 to 1980 Application of theories to try to really explain ad understand family functioning and interaction Self report method: not much observation of interaction 1956: Classic paper by Bateson, Jackson, Haley, Weakland Double blind hypothesis- damned if you do damned if you don't.Idea stemmed partially from the play of sea otters Schizophrenics- meta-communication Generated more interest (burgess)in family interaction Theory Definition- an explanation of how the facts got together; makes sense out of facts Theory as lens: "the theory files or certain facts and gives particular pattern to let those it let's in." 1. Describe- What are we studying? 2.explain- What is going on? 3. Predicts- What might happen in the future Elements of Theories: Assumptions: statements taken for granted as true. Theory rests on the assumptions often implicit. Example: humans are rational and make rational decisions. Humans are actors as well as reactors Concepts/constructs: Definition: a term or word that stands for some aspectof reality Examples: Rewards Costs Self, role, socialization systems, boundaries, rulesConcepts: We organize concepts into sets that go together We combine them to give usa specific way to looking at families. Variables Concepts which vary along an identifiable dimension, usually a degree (A) categorical: varies by dimension; These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.example gender (B) continuous: varies along a continuum or spectrum; example IQ, marital satisfaction Theoretical Statement of hypothesis Used to connect concepts; while concepts point to things, theoretical statement link concepts together and teach us how there related Example: individuals who most highly value the marriage are least likely to engage in extramarital sex.(concepts: value of marriage extramarital sex) Connection/theory, research and practice Olson refers to it as the triple threat Theory should inform research designs questions Research should contribute to further development of theory Practice should be informed research and should contribute to further research questions and theoreticalThere is also a diagram on her PowerPoint for this section that you need to look at.The example that we used was on Women’s shelters. Under theory we used the feminist theory: women should have the same opportunities as men. Under research we created a hypothesis that stated: Women who have fewer resources are least likely to leave there abusive partners. Under Practice we put things that we needed to see happen in the community or in the shelter: education for everyone, counselors for emotional support, access to more resources such as: food, childcare, showers, support, clothes, bed, legal help, all essential