Bio 201 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. BondsA. HydrogenB. Van der Waal II. Acids and Bases, pH, Equilibria III. Buffers Outline of Current Lecture I. Life vs. Non-lifeII. Polymerization of The Biological MacromoleculesIII. Amino AcidsCurrent LectureI. What distinguishes life from non-life? -Macromolecules= proteins, nucleic acids (DNA/ RNA) , carbohydrates/polysaccharides, lipids *macromolecules are all large in size besides lipids* -Proteins- function as the molecular machine, they do everything for the cell, including signaling(cell communication) , proteins are also structural support for the cell-Nucleic acids- blue print of life, code of cells-Polysaccharides-used for energy, as well as structural support-Lipids- compartmentalization for the cell, energy storage, signaling, fat=warmthII. Polymerization of the Biological Macromolecules-Polymerization is when multiple monomers come together to form a polymer, this is considered a condensation reaction because water is released-This reaction requires energy because entrapy(disorganization) is decreasing, as the monomers come together and become more organized energy is release-Depolymerization is the opposite of polymerization, polymers break down to single stranded monomers. Humans use this in breaking down food to get energy. This reactionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.is a hydrolysis reaction because water is consumed, energy is also released in this type ofreaction-Each Macromolecule (besides lipids) have a monomer unit that gone through polymerization to be formed-Protein’s monomer unit is amino acid-Polysaccharide’s monomer unit is monosaccharide-Nucleic Acid’s monomer unit is nucleotideIII. Amino AcidsA. Structure-cells use 2o different amino acids to make up proteins-Amino acids have a defining structure. Each contains a Carbon in the middle attached to a Carboxylic Acid (CO2) and an amine (NH3), the R-group is considered the side chain, this R is what tells is which amino type it will be.-The amino acid structure is also tetrahedral meaning each atom is 109.5% degrees apart from one another-B. Amino acids are chiral meaning they are asymmetric, mirror image, isomers. Isomersare differently arranged structures of the same molecule.-Chiral molecules are considered left-handed (Levo) or Right-handed (Dextro), however all amino acids in proteins are Levo, except GlysineC. R-group- the side chain of the amino acid structure that defines the amino acid-these side chains can be defined in 3 groups:1. Non-polar/hydrophobic- these contain only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms2. Polar charged- contain –NH3 or -COOH Polar Uncharged- contain –OH or both NH2 and Carbon double bonded to Oxygen3.Special Cases- some cases do not obey these rules. a. Glycine- not chiral, we categorize as non-polar but it can go in any groupb. Proline-contain rings that restrict the flexibility of the backbone, where nucleotides are c. Cysteine- cysteine form disulfide(structure with a linked pair of sulfur units) bonds in oxidizing environments.*A trick to remember when electrons are lost or gained in cysteine is OIL RIG* Oxidization Is Loss, Reduction Is
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