NUR 250 1st Edition Lecture 3Cognitive Domain: Language Types of Communication- Verbal = actual words- Non verbal = body language - Paradoxical = a statement or expression surprisingly self contradictory that leads one to find another meaningTheories of Language Development - WILL BE ON THE EXAM- Nativist(Language Acquisition)o Chomsky - believed that we naturally acquire language. It did not matter where you grew up, you were going to acquire the same milestone of language. Ex) babies from 2-3 months will coo, 4-6 months say “baba, dada”, 9 months say “mama” and will be associating that word with a person. - Behaviorist/Social Learningo Imitationo Reinforcement: Positive will increase behavioro Children learn language by mimic and imitation. They do not imitate perfectly forinstance pronouns and language tenses. They refine language by reinforcement and corrections.o Skinner, Piaget and Vygotsky would embrace this theory of language development. - Interactionisto Social and cultural context of learning language o would be Piaget (strong)-he links language with a child's maturation-eg a child cannot describe in words a comparison of size if he does not understand the concept of size. Language properties- Phonology is the sound of words- Lexicon is the word or symbol- Semantics is the meaning of words- Pragmatics are the rules of words eg. Double negatives- Syntax is the use of words.Psychosocial Expression or Domain- Identification is how we see ourselves-physical characteristics, how we see ourselves-strengths and weaknesses, what we value, our goals.- Socialization: who do we align ourselves witho Eg of high school: geeks, intellectuals, athletes, alternatives o Sometimes we socialize then we change the way we identify ourselves- Enculturation: Passively learning about culture by observing and absorbing rather than being taught.o If you grow up in a family you are taught the principles of your culture directly and indirectly. As a PNP I learn other peoples culture by watching them in action,sharing ideas and reading about them etc. - Emotional response-are our emotions hardwired? Are we born with our temperament or do we learn it. Or is it a combination of both? Developmental Issues that Alter the Process - Nature v. Nurtureo Examine whether the inborn characteristics v. the environment dominate- Cultureo Examine the relationship between culture and development- Critical period v. sensitive periodo Sensitive period would be adolescence- Stability vs. changeo Resilience model5 characteristics of development- Multi-directional- change in direction-gains and losses, predictable and unexpected.- Multidisciplinary: biological, educational, genetic, economic, historic, medical, sociological- Multi-contextual: Many cultures, multiple domains- Multi-cultural: global world, global education- Plasticity: every individual trait can be altered at any point in the lifespan. The younger you are the better (Elasticity) ResilienceResilience is characterized by “good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation and development.”Protective Factors that promote resilience - Individualo Temperamento Positive sense of selfo Commitment and purpose- Familyo Strong family framework =accepting, guiding, rewarding, realistic expectations, communication, stability- Communityo Positive infrastructure-material resources, schools, jobso Clear ruleso Opportunities and mentoringAdaptationEquilibrium --> Disequilibrium (new idea or experience)--> Chaos, confusion, questions, discord --> Assimilation --> Accommodation --> New EquilibriumSecular Trends - Change over generationso Can involve all domainso Influenced by economy, resources, culture Eg. Physical trends Births Death rates Morbidity trends Normal growth variationsClass 4: Developmental theories and Theorist Theorist help us understand how things were. Theories are still relevant in 2015- provided a framework of understanding- Brought about systematic statement of principles All natural curiosity of development keeps controversies going. Get new theorist to continue. Types of research (View pgs 22-25 in textbook) - Systematic observations - B.F Skinner - Questionnaire/survey - cheapest way to get max results- Longitudinal design - watching development over time in different periods- Cohort - cohort of people (teachers, nurses, does not separate men from women)- cross-sectional - going right across- Evidence-based - game changer- credibility is important - how many people participated- is the experiment or experimenter biasResponsible research- Institutional Review boards (IRBs) - approves studies for ethicalness - confidential- informed consent- full disclosure of purpose - freedom to leave