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UM BIOH 370 - Endocrine System Continued
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BIOH 370 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture Endocrine System: I. Water-Soluble Hormones continued:II. Hormone ChartIII. Hypothalamus and Pituitary1. Anterior Pituitary2. Posterior Pituitary IV. AcromegalyV. Case study of AcromegalyOutline of Current Lecture I. Pituitary Gland Disorders II. Case Studies 1: Case study with too little hGH:a. Symptoms/signs:b. Treatment:c. Follow-up at 19 years old: 2. Case Study with too much hGH (during childhood): Gigantism a. Signs/symptoms (if untreated):b. Treatments III. Thyroid Glanda. Thyroid HormonesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Thyroid Hormone Factsc. Thyroid Hormone Chart-Study!d. Goiter e. Grave’s DiseaseIV. Parathyroid Glands:a. 2 Types of Cellsb. Parathyroid Hormone Chart:c. Parathyroid Feedback Loop:V. Adrenal Glands (suprarenal glands) a. Divided into two regions:1. Cortex – outer regionContains three regions:1. Zona Glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (i.e. aldosterone)2. Zona Fasciculata- Glucocorticoids 3. Zona Reticularis2. Medulla-middle regionb. Adrenal Glands Chart-STUDY!c. RAA Pathway-STUDY!Current Lecture Endocrine System Continued:I. Pituitary Gland Disorders -Can be found through growth charts- Show average weight, height, and headcircumference through 36 months old- Doesn’t matter so much what percentage they are when born, but what’s important is that they stay on the similar projector line as they grow (i.e. stay around 80% range throughout first 36 months)- if go from for example 30% then to 90% in a couple months, then there might be a problem- If a baby falls off of normal range in chart= “failure to thrive” II. Case Studies 1: Case study with too little hGH:a. Symptoms/signs:-MRI of 4.75 year old boy shows under developed pituitary gland-At Birth, 50th percentile height -At 9 months, 5th percentile-growth gradually fell to well below the third percentile-small adenohypophysis and a truncated Infundibulum -Tests revealed abnormally low Insulin Growth Factor levelsd. Treatment:-Supplementation with hGH until age 14- 10th percentile weight- 25th percentile height- Serum testosterone and gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone levels)= prepubertal state.-Additional supplementation with testosterone -Growth spurt +pubertye. Follow-up at 19 years old: (no need for more hGH supplementation because past puberty)- 175 cm tall (‘normal height)- Enlarged proximal stalk- small adenohypophysis and a truncated pituitary stalk2. Case Study with too much hGH (during childhood): Gigantisma. Signs/symptoms (if untreated):-Caused by tumors on pituitary gland-Increases in GH prior to epiphysealplate closure-ABNORMALLY tall (i.e. 8ft), butrealtively normal body proportionsf. Treatments: -Lasers or oblate the tumors-However, won’t reverse the growth that has already occurredIII. Thyroid Glanda. Thyroid Hormonesi. Synthesis of T3 and T4 (thyroidhormone) Study:b. Thyroid Hormone FactsI. Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)II. Help maintain normal body temperatureIII. Stimulate protein synthesis IV. Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids forATP productionV. Upregulate beta (β) receptors that attach to catecholaminesVI. Work with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growthVII. Hypothyroidism (lower than needed thyroid hormone) is easier to treat than hyper…VIII. Lipid-soluble hormoneIX. Use TBG as transport proteinb. Thyroid Hormone Chart-Study!c. Goiter -due to iodine deficiency: - Iodine= essential for thyroid hormone production-hyposecretion of thyroid hormoned. Grave’s Disease: hypersecretion of thyroid hormone-weight loss, anxiety, inability to sleep, etc.-fairly strong genetic disorder-eyes bulge because epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) are used moreIV. Parathyroid Glands:- Little round “balls” located on the posterior aspect of each lobe of the thyroid gland- Usually have 3-5a. 2 Types of Cellsi. Chief Cells (principal cells): produce parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone) ii. Oxyphil Cells: function not known in normal parathyroid glands, but incases of parathyroid cancer, secreted in excess amounts.b. Parathyroid Hormone Chart:c. Parathyroid Feedback Loop:V. Adrenal Glands (suprarenal glands) a. Divided into two regions:1. Cortex – outer regionContains three regions:3. Zona Glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (i.e.aldosterone)4. Zona Fasciculata- Glucocorticoids 5. Zona Reticularis- androgens (i.e. estrogen)a. Medulla-middle regiong. AdrenalGlandsChart-STUDY!h.


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