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UT BIO 325 - Chromosomal Inheritance
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BIO 325 1st Edition LECTURE 5Outline of Last LectureI. ProbabilityII. Unordered eventsOutline of Current Lecture I. More on probabilityII. Chromosome InheritanceIII. Cell CycleIV. Drosophila GeneticsV. Sex-Linked InheritanceCurrent LectureLecture 4 con’ta) “at least”= 1-p (all other exclusive events)b) *The sum of all probabilities= 1Ex 1: Probability/getting at least one head in 10 coin tosses? Think about what is the opposite of “at least one head”, which is all coin tosses resultin tails. So, what is the probability of all tails? (1/2)^10Then subtract that from 1 (the sum of all probabilities) to get the probability of “at least one head”1-(1/2)^10Ex 2: Man: brachydactylous and taste phenylthiocarbamide (BbTt) Woman: non-brachydactylous and taste phenylthiocarbamide (bbTt)Simple probabilityNote: When the question asks for “None being brachydactylous tasters”: it denotes 3 different cases: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1.) Non-brachydactylous and a taster (3/8)2.) Brachydactylous and not a taster (1/8)3.) Non-brachydactylous and not a taster (1/8)The total number of cases: (5/8)^8OR you can think of the opposite case and subtract from one. What is the probability of all being brachydactylous tasters? (3/8)^8 then subtract from one. 1-(3/8)^8Lecture 5a) Chromosome-inheritance unitb) Sex ChromosomesFemales: XXMales: XYc) Gametes- contain ½ the number of chromosomes as the zygoteHaploid- cells that carry only a single chromosome set (n)Diploid- cells that carry two matching chromosome sets (2n)Case study: Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster)Results: In humans, the presence of a Y chromosome determines sex, but in the flies, the ratio of autosomes to X chromosomes determines sex 1-female ½-male. Neither humans nor flies can survive without at least one X-chromosome, and only the flies will die due to the presence of 3 X-chromosomes.d) Anatomy of a chromosomea. Centromere- the center point where the sister chromatics are joinedb. Sister chromatids- Exact copies of each other (x)c. Nonsister chromatids- Chromatids of different chromosomesd. Nonhomologous chromosomes- Non related pairs of sister chromatids; carry completely unrelated sets of genese. Homologous chromosomes- The pair of sister chromatids (xx); Contain the same set of genesMore Important Terms to Know:Metacentric vs. Acrocentric vs. TelocentricKaryotypes; “Banding patterns”Autosomesf. P arm- Short arm of chromosomeg. Q arm- Long arm of chromosomee) Cell Cycle- Interphase= G1+S+G2 phases)f) S (Synthesis) phase *most important- duplication of DNAa. Meiosis (segregation of alleles) vs. Mitosisb. Mitosis- produces the exact same number of cellsi. Number of chromosomes does not chain after S phase; amount of DNA just doubled.ii. Results in 2 diploid daughter cells; genetically identicalc. Meiosis: produces haploid cells; ½ as many chromosomes as parentsi. Results in 4 haploid daughter cells; genetically uniqueii. Crossing Over, also referred to as Homologous Recombination- produces recombined gametes; Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic informationiii. Genetic diversity due to Independent Assortment and Crossing-Over (continues in Lecture 6)iv. Independent Assortment1. Related to Mendel’s theory. Explains the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio2. Chance of chromosomes being aligned in different orientations is exactly the same. Probability is equal. Totally randomd. Drosophila geneticsImportant Termsi. Wild-type allele- allele that is found in high frequency in a population. Denoted with a “+”ii. Mutant allele- found in low-frequencyiii. Recessive Mutationiv. Dominant Mutationv. T.H Morgan’s Experiment1. Criss-Cross inheritance: demonstrates X-linked genesa. Red-eyed father= Red-eyed daughterb. White-eyed mother=White-eyed sone. C.B Bridges proof of the chromosome theoryi. Nondisjunction- failure of chromosomes to


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UT BIO 325 - Chromosomal Inheritance

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