Diets changed with the industrial revolution. Older diets: Hunter Gatherers/ Foregers- Plant and Animal resources. Finding what’s out there. Indigenous Cultures: Grew up in a specific native environment. Able to adapt to that environment. I. Inuit- Arctic. Alaska, Canada, Greenland. a. No plants, tons of animal resources. Mostly marine mamals, seal, whale. Some land animals. b. Don’t eat plants- They have no vitamin C. But by not cooking their foods, they preserve the Vitamin C in the meats. (Heat makes it go away). i. Sometimes will eat plant remnants in the animals stomachs. c. Much lower in saturated fats (lead to modern heart disease). High-unsaturated fats. They cook very few things- Mostly Raw.d. They’ve adapted to the cold weather and also adapt to the foods. i. Adapt to a high fat diet. II. Plains Indian- Very dry, arid area. Very innovative. a. Plenty of grass to eat. Hard to eat grass because we can’t digest the carbohydrates. i. BUT the animals, like a cow, they can digest the grass and carbs… And then we can eat the meat. It’s a way to get those same nutrients in a different way. b. Preserved buffalo meat. c. Very innovative. Q: How do you boil water in ancient food systems?i. Hole in the ground… Line it with rawhide… Drop hot rocks in the bottom and fill with water. People tended to focus on hunting animals in places where food is in a form not digestible to humans… You let an animal eat it for you! Another option is fishing. Another option is Gathering.... Most did gathering more than hunting. More abundant option for getting carbs from plant resources. III. Northern Wisconsin Native Americans- Ojibwa Indians!a. Gathered Wild Rice… Very nutricious. Grows in clean, shallow lakes with some current. Particular about where it grows. b. Rice in the store today is different. Domesticated. Now they’re small… Ancient times Rice was longer and thicker and said to taste better. c. Knock it off the sides as the boat glides through the water. Fills the boat. (Some falls in, reseeds it self). Heat it up, keep the heavier, cleaned rice, ready to eat. i. Great because the Indians here guarded their corn and rice. Corn did better in wet years, Rice did better in dry years. Created food security! ii. Great variety and balance of diet.In terms of physical health, we’re similar to how we were in ancient times. We have the ability to handle those inadequacies. Agriculturists: Often didn’t do as well as Hunter/Gatherers. Oddly hunter-gatherers died off… we moved to subsistence agriculture. Today it’s done to make money on a market. In subsistence agriculture, you grow for your family and neighbors… Only growing what you need to survive. I. Tropical: No winter. No return of nutrients to the soil. Nutrients tied up in forest canopy… Soil is poor. Bad farming. a. They burn the trees… Ashes fall down… Nutrients go to the soil. b. Generates easily because they’re small plots. c. Corn comes here in the south. Native (Can tell because there’s a billion varieties). i. B Vitamins. Passes right through us and doesn’t help us. Ancient people figured out treating the corn with lime makes the B vitamins digestible! People were a LOT happier!ii. Corn produces more food calories than anything else. Great crop. iii. Started in Central America. d. Amorand- Very essential in Central Amer. Very colorful. i. Died out because amorand was banned. II. Temperate: Winter… All the leaves fall off trees and their nutrients return to the soil annually. Rich soils. Everything grows great here in Midwest.III. Peru- Not great farmland. But built up sides so water and nutients stayed there. a. Grew potatoes. 2nd to corn with calories per acher. Native potatoes are poisonous… But thefigured out if treated with things they were edible and non toxic. IV. Mexico- More Native American’s processed corn. V. Creek Indians- Corn production rituals. A harvest festival (like our thanksgiving). HUGE. VI. Nepal – Upland areas. Grows rice. People got their physical activity out of harvesting their food. Disease happens today if lack of physical activity because we’ve adapted to hard work. We’re no longer forced into physical activity. Staple Foods: Grains- can be grown. Beans/Legumes too! Beans are very important. Ate twice a day. Died out after the depression. Very high fiber, protein food. Very good for you. EX: dry beans… pinto, black (Not Green). Squash! Nea Gineau. Millet- A grain. In asia. We don’t really eat it. VII. Arizona- Very dry. Little tufts of grass. Take sheep and eat the tufts of grass. a. Eat the sheep for meatb. Milk the animal for it’s nutrients. c. Blood Letting--- Take some blood and mix with milk. After industrial revolutions… Could now mass produce! Changed our nutrient intakes and how much we ate!Food Security in Ancient Times: Info based on ethnographic record. Things they looked at: 1. Quantity of food available.Plentiful in 38%...Adequate and 48%...Subsistance in 12%...Minimal 4%a. No groups said completely inadequate diets. If so, they’d have moved or died. b. Did they always have enough? 2. Frequency of Food Shortages: a. “Never” isn’t an option. Everyone had some times of food shortages. Early spring… Food from winter is gone and growing is slow. i. Annual shortage in 25%, Rare in 25%, Frequent 25%, Occasional 25%b. All of our ancestors weathered food shortages3. How bad were the shortages? a. Mild to severe… Some people didn’t survive. 4. Time spent in food production: Average: 3 hours. Not all day. a. Kung Bushman- desert- harsh environment. Spend 2 hours per day gathering food. b. Another group- 3.8 and 5.1 Hours per day in another group. c. Subsistance Agriculturists spent 2-3 Hours per day. Overall Messages: 1. All humans have some capacity to deal with food shortages (because our ancestors did). a. Relates to current obesity epidemic. We now have the ability to store extra food as body fat.b. If you gain weight easier or store it… You’re good at taking excess and storing it away. Slower metabolism—greater risk for obesity. Possibly ancestors came from more severe food shortagesc. Obesity is determined by genetics and environment. i. Our environment has changed from scarce food to abundant, and from forced physical activity to not forced. 2. We have an ability to slow down our metabolism. Cut food intake to lose weight. What happens? Metabolism slows down. Periods of time without food intake… Body sees