Lecture 3OUTLINE OF LAST LECTURE- Design: ExperimentsOUTLINE OF CURRENT LECTURE- Experimental Designs (continued from Lecture 2)- Studying development: observation & interviewo Case Studies- Ethical Issues- Rights of Research Participants- Start of CH2: Biological & Environmental Foundationso Genetics: Terms you should knowCURRENT LECTURE:EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS USED IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (to seechange over time):- Cross-sectionalo ex: testing a group of 5 year olds, 7, 9, 11, etc. all at once. Instead ofwatching one child every 2 years (takes too long)o Advantages: Quick Inexpensive Differences in behavior at different points in development canbe studied (ex: comparing the 5 year old group with the rest)o Disadvantages: No info about past determinants of age related changes.Because you didn’t watch what happened to them in their past,you only know that they’re different ages. No info about individual development No info about developmental process- Longitudinalo Take a group and follow over time. Ex: following a 1 yr old throughdevelopmento Advantages: Stability of a behavior can be determined Impact of early events on later behavior can be investigated Differences in behavior at diff. points in development can bestudiedo Disadvantages: Costly Subject lossThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Psyc 220 1st Edition Changes in people (cohorts) Inflexibility Test retest effects- Nature of the test that’s influencing their scores: samemeasures given -> better results after practice, can getworse though- Sequential (combines cross-sectional and longitudinal)o Advantages: Flexible Stability of behavior can be determined Impact of early events on later behavior can be investigated Differences in behavior at different points in development canbe studiedo Disadvantages: Cost Subject loss Test/retest- Correlational studies: to see if one variable is related to anothero Correlation does not equal causationo IMPT TERMS: Positive correlation: 0-1- Do well in one thing, tend to do well on the other(correlated, not causation). Ex: high sat = high gpa Negative correlation:  Correlation coefficient - The closer it is to 1, the stronger the correlationStudying development: observation & interviewObservation: Naturalistic Observationo Jane Goodall observing Koko the Gorilla Structured Observationo Set up the environment for the experimento Ex: testing kids morality. A room filled with toys and placed in front ofa hamster cage and told to wait there 10 min while the experimentergoes to get stuff for the hamster. Will the kid stay focused on thehamster in the midst of all the toys?Interview: Clinical Interviewo Piaget exp:what the kid says takes the interview in whatever directionit goes.  Structured interview (same questions to all)Case study: Genie, These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Psyc 220 1st EditionDavid Reimer: had a twin brother Bryan. They had trouble peeing because foreskin,taken to the doctor and decided to have them circumcised -> voltage too high, tookdavid’s penis off. Left bryan alone afterwards.-> David was castrated (cut of testicles) -> constructed a vagina (thinkinggender is ‘malleable’ not biological) -> “Brenda” -> miserable -> changed back to aboy -> suicideEthical Issues in Developmental Research Deception research Research with children Research with the individuals who are cognitively impaired Research with animalsEvery study goes through IRB to see if experimentees are safe. Consent formsMilgram study: told it was a learning experiment but was actually obedience toauthority. (Experimenter on the side telling the experimentee to give shock voltagesto a man in the other room every time they got a question wrong. Increasing voltage)Rights of Research Participants: Protection from harm Informed consent Privacy Knowledge of results Beneficial treatmentsCH2: Biological & Environmental FoundationsGENETICSTerms you should know:- DNA- GENES- CHROMOSOMES: 46 totalo Half from mom (23) , half from dad (23)o 22 pairs: autosomeso 1 pair: sex chromosomeso XX=femaleo XY=male- Mitosis vs Meiosis:o Meiosis: form eggs & sperm: reduction division Eggs: develop prenatally in-utero Sperm: not in-utero o Egg + sperm = zygoteo Mitosis: splitting of cells; constantly Ex: if you cut your knuckle on the ice, your body will use mitosis to fix itself- Homozygous: if you get the same version of the gene from mom&dad- HeterozygousThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Psyc 220 1st Editiono Different version from mother, different from father Ex: hair color, eye color, genetic disorder (cystic fibrosis), etc. - Dominant: only need 1 copy (either from mom or dad): will be expressedo Ex: curly hair & blue eye genes are dominant- Recessive: need 2 copies for it to be expressed.o If you have a dominant & recessive gene: the recessive will be masked. - Genotype vs phenotypeo Ex: curly hair, straight hairo Possible genotypes: CC (curly hair gene from mom & dad), Cc (curly hair gene from one parent, straight hair gene from the other), cc (both straight hair genes: 2 recessive = you will have straight hair.) (Dominant gene: CAPS, recessive=lower case)o Phenotypes you display: Cc, Cc = curly cc= straighto Phenotype: the trait you SEEo Genotype:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Psyc 220 1st