PSY 200 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Freud and the psychoanalytic theoryII. Three components of the human psycheIII. Psychosexual stagesIV. Common defense mechanismsOutline of Current Lecture I. Erik Erikson's psychosocial theoryII. Stages of psychosocial development III. Erikson's concept of a social clockCurrent LectureI. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory- Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst. He studied development through a whole lifespan. He had an emphasis on culture and socialinteraction which differed him from Freud. He created a psychosocial theory which is the understanding relationship between the ego of an individual and thesociety/culture in which it lives. Our development happens through age related stages, similar to Freud. Erikson’s theory involves the idea that development is about developing an ego identity, which is a sense of self through society, and competence which represents success. Also, each stage presents a crisis or conflict that the individual has to overcome in order to develop a healthy life. II. Stages of psychosocial development- Stage one involves trust versus mistrust which occurs from birth to age one. This stage is similar to Freud’s oral stage where he emphasizes the need for pleasure while Erikson emphasizes continuous care from the parents. The crisis in this stage is the balancing of trust and mistrust from the parents. If a baby accomplishes this challenge they will develop feelings of trust but if they fail theywill develop mistrust and concern. A baby needs to understand the balance of trust and mistrust in order to know who they can trust in their lives. For example,a baby trusts its mother to respond to their cries and know that they are hungry. Erikson places a lot of importance on infancy and hope. In infancy, it sets the stage for all of the future healthy development across the entire lifespan.- Stage two involves autonomy versus shame and doubt which occurs from ages 1-3. This stage is similar to Freud’s in where this is the stage that the children develop some independence. The crisis is to find the balance of self-expression These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.and self-control which can cause conflict with the parents. If a child accomplishesthis they will know how to be self-sufficient but if they fail then they will develop shame and doubt. For healthy development learning to balance self-expression and self-control is necessary for one’s pride. For example, a toddler wants to do her own makeup and does not want her mom to do it, this demonstrates the stage of developing self-control and being able to do things on their own. - Stage three involves initiative versus guilt which occurs from ages 3-6. This stage is similar to Freud’s phallic stage where they both stress the importance of children learning society’s gender roles. The crisis is learning how to engage in the social world and conflict can occur with other family members. The strength of accomplishing this would be developing responsibilities and the initiative. If a child fails to accomplish this then they will have no sense of mastery. For healthy development social skills are formed as children try to master adult behaviors. For example, a young boy tries to tie his shoe on his own so he is showing initiative in his life. - Stage four involves industry versus inferiority and occurs from ages 7-12. It is similar to Freud’s latency stage where children pursue social and intellectual activities. The crisis in this stage is learning how to master knowledge, intellectual skills and cooperation and conflicts can arise within the neighborhood or the school. If an individual accomplishes this they will gain competence but if they fail to master these skills they will have no sense of mastery. For healthy development parents, teachers, adults, etc. must challenge children to help foster a sense of industry, in which children feel like they accomplish something worthwhile and satisfactory while earning adult recognition. For example, letting someone help you with a puzzle instead of doing it on your own.- Stage five involves identity versus identity diffusion which occurs from ages 12-18. This is similar to Freud’s genital stage where he emphasized genital maturity and Erikson emphasized identity. The crisis in this stage is finding your own identity, who you are, what you are about and where you are going in life. if an individual succeeds from this crisis they will be aware of their own unique identity but if they fail they will be confused and have the inability to identify their role. - Stage six involves intimacy versus isolation which occurs from ages 20-30. The crisis in this stage is to form positive and close relationships with others which involves the cooperation from partners in friendship, recreation, production and sex. If an individual succeeds they will develop these positive relationships but if they fail then they will develop a fear of superficial relationships. For healthy development this time of change allows individuals new opportunities to developclose relationships but they must know their own identity before having a healthy relationship.- Stage seven involves generatively versus stagnation which occurs from ages 20-50. The crisis in this stage is the need to be productive in work and with family. If an individual accomplishes this then they will develop a sense of life contribution. For healthy development it is important for confidence in one’s ability in industry, identity or intimacy to allow individuals to be successful in adult tasks set by society. - Stage eight involves integrity versus despair which occurs from age 50 and beyond. The crisis of this stage requires lifetime successful conflict resolutions and a sense of peaceful satisfaction with one’s life. If successful an individual will have a sense of life accomplishment and if not successful an individual will have feelings of regret over lost opportunities. For healthy development it is importantfor earlier lifetime conflicts to be resolved successfully in order to be at peace with one’s past.III. Erikson’s concept of a social clockErikson came up with an idea of a social clock in order to have a psychological timepiece that records milestones in an individual’s life. The stages represent