What is Clinical Psychology (cont.) and Classification and DiagnosisLast LectureOutlineLecturePSY 2301 1st Edition Lecture 3What is Clinical Psychology (cont.) and Classification and DiagnosisLast LectureWhat is Clinical PsychologyOutlineI. Differentiating Clinical PsychologyII. Two Adages about PsychologyIII. Another indication of growth…IV. Early Views of Mental Illness –IV. ReformersVI. Important Events (and an emphasis on work with children)VII. Important Events, cont.: World War IILectureVIII.Differentiating Clinical PsychologyA. Counseling Psychology1. Similaritiesa. Doctoral degree, research, therapy, assessment2. Traditionallya. Deal with less severe psychopathology or relatively healthy individualsb. Emphasize everyday issues (and important ones) such as bullying, multicultural issues, etc.c. Often conduct career and educational counselingd. Prototypical setting: university counseling center3. Less emphasis on psychological testing4. These distinction are beginning to blurThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. School Psychology1. Traditionallya. Work with educators to address academic, social, behavioral, and emotional needs of children within the school setting2. Traininga. Most have Masters degreeb. Heavy emphasis on testing (especially academic, intelligence, and behavior testing)3. Smaller Number in Community/Hospital Settinga. PhD + Clinical Psychology Internship + Licensure Examinationb. Testing, Therapy, ResearchC. Social Work (SW)1. Roots in social service2. Emphasizes the role of social factors in psychological distress (e.g., racism, poverty, etc.)3. Variable roles: e.g., Help individuals acquire community services following traumatic brain injuries to performing therapy on drug-abusing mothers who have had their children removed4. Masters level is acceptable (L.M.S.W. – Clinical)a. Less emphasis on research5. Doctoral levela. Research, teaching, etc.6. The distinctions between SW and Clinical Psychology are also blurringD. Other fields similar to CP1. Marriage, Family, & Child Counseling (MFCC (a.k.a. MFT))2. Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC)IX. Two Adages about PsychologyA. “Psychology has a long past but only a short history” (Herman Ebbinghaus, 1910): Psychology has its root in the history of observation/analyses before the actual formation of the science called Psychology. Methodology/technology have only been sufficiently developed in recent history to allow creation of the field of PsychologyB. “Psychology is a young science” [relative to other sciences]1. Astronomy 15432. Physics 16873. Chemistry 1789 4. Biology 18595. Psychology 1879X. Another indication of growth…A. American Psychological Association (APA) has increased from 12 members in 1892 to a current membership of 85,000, with over 50% belonging to the discipline of CPB. Annual budget of over $40 millionC. Annual convention is held in a large city, with as many as 15,000-20,000 registrants and a program of more than 500 pagesXI. Early Views of Mental Illness –IA. Old Testament1. Referred to Hannah as neurotic2. Saul had recurrent depressions3. Prophets are frequently described as being in ecstatic states4. David feigned madnessB. Ancient Greece and Rome1. Surprisingly accurate descriptions of various mental illnesses2. Mental illness believed to be related to the influence of the gods3. Hippocrates and Galen (4th century, BC) attributed mental illness to natural causes, such as an improper distribution of four humours in the bodyC. Middle ages1. Views of mental illness went downhill and took on a more supernatural perspective – Demonology2. From the 1300s to the mid-1800s, 3. ~200,000 to 500,000 individuals (85% women) were executed due to suspected witchcraft4. Treatment in the Middle agesa. Exorcismi. Conducted by a priest to rid victim of demonsb. Trephiningi. The drilling of small holes in the skull to allow the demons to escapec. “Natural healer/charismatic healer”i. Healing brought about by the “royal touch” of kings/queensD. Early Institutions for the Mentally Ill1. 1547: St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital, London (“Old Bedlam”)2. 1656: Salpetriere, Paris (females only)3. 1660: Bicetre, Paris (males only)E. Who was kept in institutions?1. Psychotics (comprised the vast majority of inmates in “madhouses”)2. Neurotics (“hysterics”)3. Criminals and murderersXII. ReformersA. Phillipe Pinel (1745-1826):1. Worked at the Salpetriere and the Bicetre; he unchained and even released some patientsB. Clifford Beers (1880-1943)1. Was an inpatient in one of these early institutions, and was “freed” by William James. He wrote of his horrible institutional experience in the book, The Mind that Found Itself (1908)C. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)1. One of the founders of the “mental hygiene” movementD. 19631. Creation of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the Community Mental Health Center ActE. 19651. “Titicut Follies”a. Documentary on Bridgewater State Hospital for the criminally insane. Was banned for many years because it exposed the horrific conditions in such institutionsXIII.Important Events (and an emphasis on work with children)A. 18961. Lightner Witmer was the first American recognized as a clinical psychologist. He is also credited with having established the first psychological clinic (devoted to work with children with learning disabilities, mental retardation, academic difficulties)B. 19051. Alfred Binet developed first normative reference scale of intelligence for childrenC. 19091. Stanley Hall invited Freud to speak at Clark University in Massachusetts; gave an early boost to PsychoanalysisXIV. Important Events, cont.: World War IIA. After WWII, work with children declined because of the adult focusB. US Government asked psychologist to evaluate potential soldiers for sufficient intellectual and emotional strengths to serve in the army (e.g., creation of IQ tests)C. Following war, additional help form psychology was necessary to treat the war casualties, bot form a neuropsychological and psychological