BSC 215 FALL 2014- Exam 1 Required Reading and Study Guide.The ‘required reading’ sections below include material that will be covered on exam 1.Here is an effective way to approach your required reading: BEFORE EACH CLASS:- Read the assigned text for the chapter that is listed in the “required reading” Sections below. For this first read, it is not necessary that you attempt to understand everything in the required reading. It is more important that you read for the “big picture” concepts and gain familiarity with terms and key words. DURING EACH CLASS: - We will cover key topics of the chapter that will follow with your required reading. I will provide notesonline before each class so that you can follow along and take your own notes. Try to use this time to grasp terms and concepts from the examples that I give. We will also have several clicker activities to reinforce topics.  AFTER EACH CLASS:- Review the notes. It is best to first make sure you understand the “big picture” concepts of each topic covered, then move on to understanding details of each concept covered. Once you have studied the notes, go back and read the corresponding section in the textbook, as you will be much more familiar with the topic after class and some review of the notes. USING THE ‘STUDY GUIDE’ QUESTIONS BELOW:- I have provided some study questions below to help you assess your knowledge on certain key topics. KEEP IN MIND that questions in the study guide are simply there to help you assess your strengths and weaknesses of KEY concepts. However the questions are NOT an exhaustive list of everything you should know for the exam. In other words, the study guide can be extremely helpful in your studies, but it shouldn’t be relied upon as your sole study resource. - It is recommended that you study notes and required reading BEFORE attempting to answer these questions. Then you can return to the study guide questions below to determine your areas of strength and weakness.  BEST PIECE OF STUDY ADVICE: Keep up with class material from day one! Regular review before and after each lecture will go a long way toward long-term comprehension and success. Last minute cramming will not work in a class like this. Regular reading, review of the notes, and practice questions will best prepare you for the exams.Chapter 1-Required Reading- Section 1.1- All- Section 1.5- The Hierarchy of Complexity- Section 1.6- Characteristics of Life, Homeostasis and Negative Feedback, Positive Feedback and Rapid Change- Deeper Insight 1.5 (Medical imaging, pages 23-24)- Atlas A- Use as a guide. This is a good reference for some things we will cover in lecture and lab. Chapter 1 Study Guide- Understand the levels of complexity in the human body (atom to organism).- What properties distinguish living and non-living things?- Can you define homeostasis?- Is the set point a point or a range of tolerable internal conditions?- Can set points vary? For instance, over the course of the day?- What is negative feedback?- Can you describe the roles of the receptor, control center, and effector in maintaining homeostasis?- How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?- Does positive feedback help to return internal conditions to “normal”?- Can you provide an example of positive feedback?- Know your orientational and directional terms!! (e.g., ventral, lateral, superficial, etc.)- Table A.1- Know your body planes! (e.g., frontal, midsagittal, parasagittal, transverse, etc.)- Figure A.3- Know your body cavities (ventral, dorsal) and their sub-cavities (e.g., abdominopelvic, thoracic, cranial)- Section A.3, Figure A.7- Understand the techniques used to visualize the body (e.g. MRI, fMRI, CAT)Chapter 2- Required Reading- Section 2.1- All- Section 2.2- Water, Acids Bases and pH- Section 2.3- All- Section 2.4- All- Deeper insight 2.3 (pg 64)- Trans fats and Cardiovascular health.Chapter 2 Study Guide- Define matter, energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, element, atom, atomic number, mass number, atomic weight, isotope, compound, salts, electrolytes, acid, base- Do you know the difference between an element and a compound?- Do you know the major elements of the human body and their symbols? (See table 2.1-“Major elements”).- Understand the law of conservation of energy- Know the subatomic particles composing an atom (and their charges)- Are atoms electrically neutral? Why?- What makes an atom radioactive? And, what’s a half-life?- What’s the difference between an inert element and a reactive element? Could you identify each type if given a picture of an atomic nucleus and its orbits with electrons?- Know how ionic bonds are formed, and why this results in charged atoms.- What’s the difference between non-polar and polar covalent bonds?- What’s the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?- Under what circumstances are single bonds, double bonds, triple bonds formed?- What is electronegativity? How does it contribute to polar covalent bonds?- What’s a hydrogen bond? Why are they essential for life?- Distinguish between synthesis, decomposition, and displacement reactions.- What is a Redox reaction? What’s the difference between substances that are oxidized vs. reduced?- Difference between organic and inorganic molecules?- Understand the pH scale.- What’s a buffer? How does the carbonic acid – bicarbonate system exemplify a buffer system?- What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?- How are disaccharides or polysaccharides formed from monosaccharides?- Can you provide examples of mono-, di-, and polysaccharides?- What are the building blocks of triglycerides?- Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Why do they exist as solids and liquids, respectively?- What’s a phospholipid? How does it differ from a triglyceride?- What are trans fats, and how do they affect cardiovascular heath?- How does the structure of steroids differ from other lipids?- What are the building blocks of proteins?- What distinguishes the different amino acids from one another? Which structural elements do all amino acids share?- How are amino acids linked to form a peptide bond?- What’s the difference between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure?- What defines the functionality of a protein?- What’s an enzyme? Can you describe the 3 steps of an enzymatic reaction? How does an enzyme catalyze (speed up) a reaction?- What are the building blocks of