Anth 1006 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Anthropology?II. Origins of AnthropologyIII. Human SpeciesIV. Human AncestorsV. PrimatesVI. Space AdaptationsVII. 4 Types of Anthropologya. Sociocultural/Culturalb. Physical/Biologicalc. Linguisticd. ArchaeologicalVIII. Applied AnthropologyOutline of Current Lecture: Methods of Studying The Past & EthicsI. Scientific Inquiry: EpistemologyII. DatingIII. Pseudoscience/Pseudo ArchaeologyIV. Paleontology vs ArchaeologyV. Archaeological vs Biological AnthropologyVI. PolynogyVII. Ethicsa. Cultural Anthropology Ethicsb. Archaeology Ethicsc. NAGPRAThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. AAA (American Anthropology Association)Current Lecture: Methods of Studying The Past & EthicsI. Scientific Inquiry: - Scientific Inquiry – a series of techniques used to maximize the probability that what we think we know really reflects the way things are, were, or will bea. Induction – arguing from generalities to specificsb. Deduction - arguing from generalities to specifics c. Hypothesis testing – If/Then statementsd. Method of Multiple Working HypothesesII. DatingChronology: If you can’t place a site in time, it is very hard to see its significance. You need to know timing of things to document progress and change.Finding things like animals can help reconstruct a site and also be used for dating.Relative Dating: Not an exact number but more like an estimate. Saying something is older than something else(or younger)It is a general idea that things deeper in the ground are older than what’s above them.This is not always the case due to land shift.Absolute Dating:Ties a date to a calendar year. Gives a number estimate. Examples: Radiocarbon Dating, Potassium Argon Dating (from volcanic eruptions)III. Pseudoscience/Pseudo Archaeology- Show archeologists incorrectly (like Indiana Jones) and archaeology incorrectly- Distort dates, facts and details about a certain time- Can infer certain things to have “come from aliens”IV. Paleontology vs Archaeology- Paleontology: study of ancient life through fossils- Paleontologists are not archaeologists. They study ancient life forms and biology through fossils. -V. Archaeological vs Biological Anthropology- Archaeological anthropologists study materials and artifacts. They study past societies and try to reconstruct them.- Biological anthropologists study biological remains. They study living and recent humans.VI. Polynogy- Study of ancient plants and environments through analysis and pollen samples.- Every species has its own type of pollen.- Studying plants can help us infer how the environment used to be and we can use that when studying humans. VII. Ethics- Anthropologists have ethical obligations to people, species, and materials they study- Anthropologists must have respect for other cultures, individuals, groups, animals, and materials.- They must not exploit anyone or anything- They must have informed consent and permission to do field work- If you build trust and relationships with people, you will have opportunities for better research.Cultural Anthropology Ethicso Must respect rituals, privacy, and sensitive topicso Cannot force people to do thingso Don’t share information that can harm others or cause conflicto You must not have secret motives or hide what information you are seekingArchaeological Ethicso When a site is excavated it is destroyed. Anthropologists must aim to do the least damage as possible.o Excavation: digging through layers of a siteo When you destroy a site, you have an unspoken obligation to publish your findingso You must respect materials and properties as well as people’s feelings.o Must gain permissionNAGPRAo Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Acto A North American policy that is similar to all policies for North Americao Federally requires museums to document what Native American remains they have and give them back if the Natives want themAAA (American Anthropologist Assoc.)o Defines Code of Ethical Guidelines to Anthropologistso Says that anthropologists have obligations to their scholarly field, society, the human species, culture, and the environmento Anthropologists should do no harm to an people, animals, or