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MSU HSTR 102IH - Reformation, Counter-Reformation

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HSTR 102IH Lecture 4: Reformation, Counter-Reformation-Society and Religion- For increasing numbers of people…- The Catholic Church had seized to provide a foundation for sincere belief and worship- Issues:- Corruption of papacy- Clerics emphasis on accumulation of personal wealth- Perpetuation of church authority- -The lay population was becoming more geographically mobile and educated- Printing gave us more texts (including Bibles)- A search for a more spiritual and sincere religious experience- -People start relying on personal experiences to decide religious beliefs- Also had their own bible study groups- The Brothers of Common Life, or Modern Devotion Movement- fostered more independent spirituality- -Established Church witnessed a breakdown on eve of Reformation- People complained of immortality of local religious leaders- Simony (selling of church offices)- Selling of indulgences to escape time in purgatory-Martin Luther- Son of a miner- Educated by Modern Devotion before attending university, then entered The Order of Hermits of St. Augustine- 1510-Traveled to Rome on monastic business - Saw first-hand justification for German critiques of the church- 1512-Moved to Wittenberg and earned doctorate in theology- -Luther’s growing discontent with Catholic Church came from his own sense that the church demanded righteousness- He knew that that was impossible- He was influenced by theological teaching that opened up possibility that individual could prep for their own salvation- He wondered how a man could be certain of salvation- -Studied/taught epistles of St. Paul- Apostle warned of danger with substituting Church for faith in God, or hierarchy and institutions for genuine belief- Conclusion: Salvation could be achieved “by faith alone”- -Faith, he argued, was not an achievement- It was a gift from god, to man, through the study and hearing of the wordof god- Luther thought faith meant trusting in god, believed that Christ is constantly working to save mankind- -Luther encountered indulgence of 1517- Originally, indulgences had been given to crusaders- By Luther’s time, they were sold to all- Indulgences could be purchased for oneself, or for one’s already dead relatives-buying time out of purgatory- (Indulgence subbed for performance of a good work or replacing repentance)- -1517-Jubilee Indulgence- In Mainz, the archbishop was to receive half the proceeds-which he needed to pay for expensively purchased ecclesiastical positions - -John Tetzel (German catholic): famous for indulgence preaching- Luther protested Tetzel’s claim that salvation could be bought/sold- He said it was a matter of faith- 1517-Luther posts 95 theses- Mostly against indulgences on church door in Wittenburg- First: Penance, he argued ha nothing to do with paying money, but rather humility and faith- 95 Theses were embraced by Humanists and other Christian reformers- Word of Luther’s protests spread across Europe- Luther issued pamphlets that circulated widely due to the printing press- Lobbies for reforms to Catholic Church- He attacked the sacraments, claiming that only baptism and Eucharist were proper- Also emphasized the authority of scripture over the papacy- 1520-Pope issues a Bull- Condemning Luther for heresy- Gives 60 days to retract- Luther burns the Bull- University of Wittenburg supports Luther- 1521-Luther presented views before Church council- Told again to recant, he refused and then placed under a ban (made a secular outlaw and a spiritual heretic)- -Was hid at Wartburg Castle where he translates New Testament- Found support among peasants and princes who saw Luther’s reforms as a way to solve national political problems, as well as religious ones-Spread of Reformation- City of Wittenburg attempted to accomplish a revolution- Banning the catholic mass and all decorations and images in Churches- Radicals arrive who declare bible as unnecessary- Claiming to have direct contact with the lord- Even Luther wasn’t this radical- Religious radicalism in the wake of Luther’s confronting the church gaverise to a number of diff. sects.- Ex: Anabaptists (forefathers to Amish and Mennonites)- Denied usefulness of infant baptism (also millenarians, communists, polygamists)- -Another revolt: Switzerland- Huldrych Zwingli- Like other Protestants: opposed selling of indulgences- Opposed clerical celibracy- Disagreed with Luther about Transubstantiation- Luther said that Christ’s body and blood were present during Eucharist- Zwingli claimed bread and wine were merely symbols- -16th cent. John Calvin continues Swiss Reformation- Calvinists believe in divine predestination- 1534-Calvin converted from Catholic to Protestant- Flees and winds up in Geneva, city becomes Protestant haven- -Motivated to transform society morally- Faith-he argued, provoked action- -Works were proof of faith, and of one’s status as a member of god’s elect- Re: Eucharist mid-ground between Luther and Zwingli- For faithful: Christ was spiritually present during Eucharist“Peace of Augsburg”- Protestantism not accepted right away- Roman Catholics don’t accept it, religious wars followed- Protestantism has internal conflicts- Mid-16th cent. Clear that Protestants are here to stay- -Peace of Augsburg signed in 1555- Political peace mandated that rulers of lands were responsible for dictating religion, any who disagree moved elsewhere-English Reformation- England had curtailed dominant Papacy-and Catholics- English monarchs taxed clergy and paid few tributes to Rome- 1520’s-English reformers met to discuss Luther’s writings that were smuggled into the country- William Tyndale produces first English New Testament- King Henry 8’s ministers oppose Protestantism- Henry married Catherine of Aragon, a union only producing a daughter, Mary- Henry wants a son- 1527-Henry falls for Catherine’s lady in waiting-Anne Boleyn. Pope would not annul Catherine marriage- -Henry dismisses catholic advisors and brings in Protestants who tell him to be spiritual leader as well.- 1527-English parliament convened for 7 year session- 1533-One advisor became Archbishop of Canterbury and invalidated Henry’s marriage- -1536: Anne beheaded for adultery- Henry marries 4 more times and finally has a son-Counter Reformation- 1530s-40s Roman Catholics respond to reformation effects- New orders of monks and nuns.- Despite reformers, Catholics elect to retain indulgences, good works for salvation, usefulness of


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