BIOL 11000 1st Edition Lecture 3Subatomic Particles with rest mass - Anything moving has kinetic energy therefore it has to have mass - Electrons- light particles, electric charge of -1 - Protons- heavy particles, electric charge of +1 - Neutrons- heavy particles, electric charge of 0 o All subatomic particles- smaller than an atom o Elementary particles- aren’t made of anything smaller Elementary Particles - The heavy particles are members of the class hadrons - The light particles are in the class Leptons o Leptons are truly elementary - Hadrons aren’t elementary, made of a variety of quarks o Baryons and mesons o Protons and neutrons are baryone composed of 3 quarks with gractional charges o Mesons- 2 quarkso Protons made of +2/3 up quarks or – 1/3 down quarks Quarks are elementary - Truly elementary but very odd- The mass of the proton neutron is about 100x larger than the component quarks o Remaining 99% of mass is provided by the energy of the quarks - Quarks can’t be separated from each other o Regroup into mesons Fundamental Forces - What is a force? – the ways that things interact These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Dependent on the particular features of the mass energy - Forces are the sources and storage sites for energy - All mass energy then interact by 4 fundamental forces, weakest -> strongest1. Gravity – universal attraction of all matter a. Large long range effects b. On earth, solar systems, galaxies is important 2. Weak nuclear force a. Short rangeb. Acts only inside a nucleus 3. Electromagnetism – arises from electrical charges at rest and in motion a. Electricity magnetism 4. Strong nuclear force- strongest a. Very short range b. Only in nucleus c. Binds quarks together to form protons and neutrons d. Residual of this quark to quark interaction binds protons and neutrons to form the nucleus - When 2 things interact by any force they exchange particles called bosons - Life requires all 4 forces o Electromagnetism id the most important Results in chemical bonds Energy minimization - Energetically favorable reactions are those where energy is released into the environment - A system tends to go to the lowest energy state o Always releasing energy, rarely gains
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